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what consensus do you use? | Proof-of-Archival-Storage (PoAS) consensus maintains the honest majority assumption and permissionless nature of Nakamoto consensus without the massive electricity cost of mining. |
is it decentralized? | Decoupled execution keeps farming lightweight and resistant to pooling, while the farmer storage network allows the blockchain to "bloat" massively without becoming centralized. |
is subspace scalable? | Block decoupling and data-availability sampling allow for vertical scaling, while our unique separation of consensus and computation provide for horizontal scaling at log(n) overhead to executors. |
what is blockchain trilemma? | The blockchain trilemma is a term coined by Vitalik Buterin to describe the challenges of creating a secure, scalable and decentralized blockchain. He argues that a blockchain can only achieve two out of the three features in practice.
Security means retaining safety and liveness for up to a one-half adversarial fracti... |
what is consensus puzzle? | The first problem is to find a secure consensus mechanism that is environmentally friendly, permissionless, and fair. To solve this problem, we constructed Spartan, a simple and secure PoC consensus protocol that realizes the vision of free-and-fair consensus as described by "one-disk-one-vote". |
Proof-of-Work? | PoW or "one-CPU-one-vote" is simple, secure, and permissionless, but it comes at a high cost in electricity that is not environmentally sustainable and leads to centralized, or pooled, mining. |
Proof-of-Stake? | PoS or "one-coin-one-vote" employs a system of virtual mining based on one's wealth. While eco-friendly, PoS is not fair or permissionless, instead encouraging a system whereby the rich only get richer. |
Proof-of-Capacity? | PoC or "one-disk-one-vote" replaces mining with storage-intensive farming. In theory, PoC is secure, eco-friendly, and fair, but in practice, most designs devolve back to PoW or PoS models. |
Plotting Space | To begin, farmers write millions of tiny (4kb) pieces to their free disk space under an hourglass scheme. Each piece is encoded with a time-asymmetric permutation based on SLOTH. A tag is computed over each piece and stored within a Binary Search Tree (BST). Unlike Chia plotting does not require (or destroy SSDs) and i... |
Farming Blocks | Following Ouroboros, we construct a secure randomness beacon from the blockchain history itself. At each slot, all farmers search their BST for any tag close enough to the challenge to satisfy the difficulty setting. They may then compile the tag and corresponding encoding into a Proof-of-Replication (PoR) and produce ... |
Maintaining Security | To prevent simulation attacks, the challenge is re-used over many consecutive timeslots. To prevent grinding attacks we segregate PoRs from the block content while basing the randomness solely on the PoRs. To prevent compression attacks we require farmers to periodically re-commit to their BSTs. To prevent long-range a... |
how do you maintain decentralization? | The second problem is that PoC networks are prone to centralization, due to a mechanism design challenge we call the farmer's dilemma. Subspace resolves the farmer's dilemma by incentivizing storage of the history and delegating state management to executor nodes.
allowing for the first truly decentralized PoC network. |
Farmer's Dilemma | Farmers may choose between using their storage to either a) retain the chain state and history or b) to maximize their plot size and return on investment. |
Pooled Farming | As the chain grows, farmers will always choose the latter, at best becoming light clients, while at worst choosing to join a farming pool run by a trusted operator. |
Centralization | If no one stores the history, nodes may only sync from centralized providers. If no one maintains the state, we must rely on trusted third-parties for our balance. |
PoAS Consensus | To incentivize farmers to retain the history we extend Spartan proof-of-space consensus into a proof-of-storage of the history of the blockchain itself. Under proof-of-archival-storage (PoAS) consensus, each farmer stores as many provably unique segments of the chain history as their disk space allows. The more pieces ... |
Distributed Archival Storage | Farmers store the history collectively, forming a distributed storage network which ensures the history is always available to download. To provide for proper load balancing and consistent replication, each farmer is incentivized to store pieces closest to its randomly assigned node id. To prevent the history from bein... |
Decoupled Smart Contracts | To relieve farmers of the burden of maintaining the state and performing redundant computation, we apply the classic technique in distributed systems of decoupling consensus and computation. Farmers are solely responsible for ordering transactions, while a separate class of executor nodes maintain the state and compute... |
NO COMPROMISES SCALABILITY | The final challenge is to scale transaction throughput without sacrificing the security or decentralization of the network. While recent research shows how to scale securely, the bloat problem remains. Since Subspace already handles this challenge, to resolve the farmer's dilemma, it is indeed able to scale without com... |
Bigger Blocks | One way to scale throughput is to increase the block size, but this leads to longer propagation times and a higher honest fork rate, reducing security. |
Many Chains | Another technique is to scale-out with multiple chains or shards, but existing designs are insecure against an adaptive adversary who may target a single shard. |
More Bloat | Both methods result in faster growth of the chain state and history, leading to blockchain bloat and centralization under a handful of powerful nodes. |
Secure Vertical Scaling | Subspace adapts the Prism scalability proposal to achieve high-throughput transaction processing without reducing security. When combined with data availability sampling and super light-clients, farming can remain low-bandwidth and decentralized. |
Flat Horizontal Scaling | By employing a virtual beacon chain we eliminate the bottleneck of a single main chain and support up to 2^16 shards. Farmers rotate shards each block while executors may stake on as many different shards as they choose, following the Free2Shard design. |
Permissionless Fast Finality | Subspace extends the Taiji fast confirmation protocol for PoC consensus, allowing farmers to achieve nearly deterministic finality within three blocks, reducing the confirmation latency of new transactions from minutes to seconds, without relying on executors. |
What is the Subspace Network? | The Subspace Network lets developers run Web3 apps at Internet scale. It provides a simple interface for quickly deploying multi-chain decentralized apps that auto-scale with demand. Subspace is powered by a new eco-friendly, 4th generation blockchain that enables massively scalable on-chain storage and compute without... |
What is the Subspace Network Blockchain? | The Subspace Network is powered by a new layer one blockchain, which is based on several years of R&D originally funded by a grant from the US National Science Foundation (NSF). The Subspace Blockchain was created to solve several fundamental problems in the cryptocurrency space around environmental sustainability, inc... |
What is Proof-of-Capacity (PoC) Consensus? | Proof-of-Capacity (PoC) is the leading alternative to Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) based consensus. In a PoC blockchain, compute-intensive mining is replaced with storage-intensive farming. The key benefit is that farming is energy-efficient (and environmentally sustainable) while having security proper... |
what is the difference from chia, filecoin or spacemesh? | In recent years, several new PoC blockchains have been created or proposed, most notably Filecoin, Chia, and Spacemesh. Unfortunately, all of these designs fail to resolve a tricky mechanism design challenge, which we refer to as the farmer’s dilemma. This dilemma suggests that all existing PoC blockchain designs are n... |
What is the Farmer’s Dilemma? | The farmer’s dilemma states that in any PoC blockchain, a consensus node (farmer) must choose between either maintaining the blockchain state and history or maximizing the amount of space they pledge towards consensus. Rational farmers will always choose the latter, at best becoming a light client, while at worst joini... |
How does Subspace resolve the Farmer’s Dilemma? | Subspace is powered by proof-of-archival-storage (PoAS) consensus or proofs of storing the archival history of the blockchain itself. PoAS resolves several of the incentive challenges that lead to centralization in proof-of-space blockchains like Chia or Filecoin. In Subspace, farmers (not miners) store as many unique ... |
How does Subspace provide scalable on-chain storage? | PoAS consensus also allows Subspace to provide permanent decentralized storage for protocol and application developers at a previously unimaginable scale. This is possible because farmers store the blockchain history collectively, allowing them to operate as a single distributed archival node. Data may be permanently s... |
How do smart contracts work in Subspace? | Unlike other PoC blockchains, Subspace provides a global execution layer for smart contracts, similar to Ethereum. Unlike Ethereum, the execution is decoupled or separated from consensus. This is mainly done to fully resolve the farmer’s dilemma, although it also allows for pipelining and vertical scaling. This is achi... |
What is the blockchain trilemma and how does Subspace solve it? | The blockchain trilemma is a term coined by Vitalik Buterin to describe the challenge of creating a scalable, decentralized, and secure blockchain — stating that only two out of these three features may realistically be achieved. Subspace provides a solution to this problem by combining its own novel combination of con... |
Who is building the Subspace? Who is the team? Who is the founder? | The Subspace Network is currently being built by Subspace Labs, a technology startup based in the United States, with a team spread all across the world. Subspace Labs was founded in 2018 by Jeremiah Wagstaff and Nazar Mokrynskyi, an unlikely duo of protocol hackers who met on Github. They shared a dream to create a sc... |
When do you plan to launch? | Subspace currently exists as Aries, a public test network that anyone may join. At this time, there are no incentives for farming and we regularly introduce breaking changes. Please be on the lookout for announcements regarding an incentivized test network and community farming. We also plan to release a public roadmap... |
Will Subspace have a token? | Yes, Subspace Credits (SSC) are the native token of the Subspace Network and already exist on the Aries Test Network. SSC are minted by farmers who produce new blocks. While the token economics are still in development, they will roughly follow the Bitcoin model with a capped supply and an annual halving event. SSC wil... |
Can I buy a token? | Not at this time. However, we are planning to conduct a community token sale prior to mainnet launch. The sale will likely be restricted to early members of our community and those who run a farmer on our incentivized test network. Prior to a community sale we will release a token paper with further details.
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Will Subspace be a parachain on Polkadot or Kusama? | We had originally intended for Subspace to be a parachain on Polkadot, but it turned out this was not possible, due to the unique characteristics of our PoAS consensus engine. We are still considering obtaining a parachain slot for both Polkadot and Kusama in order to have a dedicated bridge into both networks, but no ... |
Which wallets will I be able to use with Subspace? | Currently Subspace is compatible with the default Substrate wallet in Polkadot-JS apps and the Polkadot-JS extension, which may be used to transfer tokens earned on our test network.
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The Subspace Network Whitepaper | In an effort to make blockchains more energy-efficient, egalitarian, and decentralized, several new protocols employ consensus based on Proofs-of-Capacity (PoC), which replace compute-intensive mining with storage-intensive farming. We observe that PoC consensus introduces a unique mechanism design challenge, referred ... |
System Requirements | Make sure you have a stable network connection. During the plotting phase of farming, it can be network intensive.
This may impact your network usage so please check your network connection if you have a hard data limit.
Subspace CLI requires commodity hardware specs to operate. At a minimum, it is recommended to hav... |
BUG#1388 - STORAGE GROWING TOO LARGE | We are currently investigating a bug that is causing the node Archive to exceed its expected growth. As a result, we suggest having a minimum of 150-200GB of storage available for your system.
Therefore, please make sure that you have at least ~150-200GB of storage in addition to your desired plot size.
For more info... |
COW FILE SYSTEMS WARNING | It is advised not to use the Subspace farmer and node on CoW file systems for any OS.
If BTRFS is used with Subspace, the directory/whole file system must be CoW disabled with the following command prior to starting Subspace.
Command to Cow Disable
sudo chattr +C path/to/datasubspace-cli-windows-x86_64-skylake-v0.42... |
Getting A Crypto Wallet | Before running anything you need to have a wallet where you'll receive testnet coins. Follow our how-to guides in the Wallets section of the documentation for steps on how to get your wallet setup. |
Required ports | Currently, a few ports need to be exposed for node to work properly.
If you have a server with no firewall, there is nothing to be done, but otherwise make sure to open the following TCP ports for incoming connections.
30333
30433
On the desktop side if you have a router in front of your computer, you'll need to forw... |
ALPHA SOFTWARE | Subspace CLI is in alpha. Please feel free to file bug reports on our GitHub issues. |
Installation | Compiled versions of the Subspace CLI is hosted on GitHub. This is the recommended way to install the application. |
Configuration | To start we have to initialize our Farmer, this can be done with: ./subspace-cli-windows-x86_64-skylake-v0.4.2-alpha.exe init (Windows),
./subspace-cli-macos-x86_64-v0.4.2-alpha init (Apple Intel),
./subspace-cli-macos-aarch64-v0.4.2-alpha init (Apple M Series),
./subspace-cli-ubuntu-x86_64-skylake-v0.4.2-alpha init... |
FINDING YOUR SETTINGS.TOML | After running subspace-cli init, the prompt will display where the settings.toml is generated. However in case you missed it, you can find the file based on your operating system:
Your settings.toml will be found in $HOME/.config/subspace-cli/settings.toml (Windows),
Your settings.toml will be found in $HOME/Library/Ap... |
Gemini 3 Testnet | If you are using the default configurations from Subspace CLI, you are ready to go with the Gemini 3 Testnet. Alternatively, you can ensure this occurs by manually setting the network like so.
Open your settings.toml directory and ensure your chain is correctly specified to gemini-3c as so:
# settings.toml
[node]
cha... |
Local Development | To run Subspace CLI in a local development mode, modify your settings.toml and ensure your chain points to dev:
# settings.toml
[node]
chain = 'dev'
# ... redacted ... |
Farming | To begin farming on the network, just run the farm command with the CLI like so:
./subspace-cli-windows-x86_64-v0.4.2-alpha.exe farm (Windows),
./subspace-cli-macos-x86_64-v0.4.2-alpha farm (Apple Intel),
./subspace-cli-macos-aarch64-v0.4.2-alpha farm (Apple M Series),
./subspace-cli-ubuntu-x86_64-skylake-v0.4.2-alpha ... |
Moving the Farming Process to the Background | tmux:
Create a new tmux session using a socket file named farming
$ tmux -S farming
Move process to background by detaching
Ctrl+b d OR ⌘+b d (Mac)
To re-attach
$ tmux -S farming attach
To delete farming session
$ tmux kill-session -t farming
Screen:
Create new screen using a socket file named farming
$ screen -S f... |
Having Trouble? | If you are facing issues with your node/farmer you can try a few of the following things below, if you are unable to get your issue resolved please check our Forums to see if your issue may have been solved, if its a new one feel free to post it! You can also join our Discord for additional Peer to Peer help. |
View your Logs | A good place to start if you are facing trouble is by viewing your logs and seeing if there are any errors or insights that might be available. You can find the location for your logs below.
Your Logs will be found in %USERPROFILE%/AppData/Local/subspace-cli/logs (Windows)
Your Logs will be found in $HOME/Library/Logs/... |
UPDATED FROM A PREVIOUS VERSION AND NOW HAVING ISSUES? | Occasionally after updating to a new version of the CLI you will need to wipe your node and farmer, generally this should not be required but can be attempted if your farmer is having issues after having had worked fine previously. |
Wipe Node & Farmer | To simply restart the node, go to the terminal where you started the farm command, and press Ctrl + C you should see a shutdown message appear and the application will attempt a simple shutdown, if you dont see the message press Ctrl + C again to force shutdown. You can then simply start the farmer again with the farm ... |
Advanced CLI | Refer to https://docs.subspace.network/docs/protocol/substrate-cli |
Linux firewall | If you are using Linux and enabled ufw (firewall), make sure you have opened up your firewall for TCP traffic on port 30333 with the following command sudo ufw allow 30333/tcp |
Port forwarding | First before forwarding ports it is important to understand what that actually means. We would highly suggest reading some information on the topic, here is a guide we find helpful https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/port-forwarding-on-router-and-why-do-we-need-it/
Forwarding ports on your router will open up one specific l... |
How to Port Forward | Step 1. Finding Default Gateway Address
Find your local router IP Address & Computer internal IP address.
Router IP address is only necessary to open router settings, if you know how to open router settings - do that instead.
Find router IP Address on Linux
Open up a terminal and type ip route or ip r .
1. This will ... |
What wallet to use | SubWallet (Recommended). SubWallet is a user-friendly Web3 Multiverse Gateway for the Substrate ecosystem. Our vision is to provide you with the simplest and most secure way to connect to blockchain-based applications. |
Create or Import A New Wallet (SubWallet) | Visit the SubWallet website and Download your respective version.
Once extension is installed, Open it and click +, & Get Started
step-2
The extension will give you up to four options. You will most likely want to select Create New Account
TIP
If you would like to Import an Existing Wallet, then select Import from ... |
How can I find my Public Address? | You can see your default substrate public address right next to your Wallet name inside the extension
You can see your Subspace Testnet public address via the dropdown menu and setting the chain to Subspace Testnet, once you done you will see the public address now starts with st
|
I Dont see Subspace Testnet or any Subspace Networks as an option in chain settings | Sometimes when you first install or update the Substrate wallet you will need to update the wallet metadata.
Go to the Subspace/Polkadot Explorer here: Polkadot/Substrate Portal
You will be prompted to allow the extension to connect, select which account you want to connect and click Connect
On the Webpage, click set... |
How do I backup my wallet? | You can backup/export your wallet via the ... menu, then click Export Account
You will then enter your wallet password and click which preferred export method you would like to use, either Private Key, QR, or JSON |
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