ChemTEB Classification Datasets
Collection
Chemical Classification Datasets for Evaluating Text Embedding Models • 19 items • Updated
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The isomerization of uridine to pseudoridine is the second most common rRNA modification. These pseudoridines are also introduced by the same classes of snoRNPs that participate in methylation. Psuedouridine synthases are the major participating enzymes in the reaction. The H/ACA box snoRNPs introduce guide sequences t... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The majority of observed interactions between promoters and enhancers do not cross TAD boundaries. Removing a TAD boundary (for example, using CRISPR to delete the relevant region of the genome) can allow new promoter-enhancer contacts to form. This can affect gene expression nearby - such misregulation has been shown ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Biological crosstalk refers to instances in which one or more components of one signal transduction pathway affects another. This can be achieved through a number of ways with the most common form being crosstalk between proteins of signaling cascades. In these signal transduction pathways, there are often shared compo... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The FSHR become desensitized when exposed to FSH for some time. A key reaction of this downregulation is the phosphorylation of the intracellular (or cytoplasmic) receptor domain by protein kinases. This process uncouples Gs protein from the FSHR. Another way to desensitize is to uncouple the regulatory and catalytic... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Serious galvanic corrosion has been reported on the latest US Navy attack littoral combat vessel the USS Independence caused by steel water jet propulsion systems attached to an aluminium hull. Without electrical isolation between the steel and aluminium, the aluminium hull acts as an anode to the stainless steel, resu... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The discovery that the β chemokines RANTES, MIP (macrophage inflammatory proteins) 1α and 1β (now known as CCL5, CCL3 and CCL4 respectively) suppress HIV-1 provided the initial connection and indicated that these molecules might control infection as part of immune responses in vivo, and that sustained delivery of such ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
An improvement on vibration, vibratory, and linear screeners, a tumbler screener uses elliptical action which aids in screening of even very fine material. As like panning for gold, the fine particles tend to stay towards the center and the larger go to the outside. It allows for segregation and unloads the screen surf... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The slow block to polyspermy in the sea urchin is mediated by the PIP secondary messenger system. Activation of the binding receptors activates PLC, which cleaves PIP in the egg plasma membrane, releasing IP into the egg cell cytoplasm. IP diffuses to the ER, where it opens Ca channels. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Genes encoding the MuvB complex were originally identified from loss-of-function mutation studies in C. elegans. When mutated, these genes produced worms with multiple vulva-like organs, hence the name ‘Muv’. Three classes of Muv genes were classified, with class B genes encoding homologues of mammalian RB, E2F, and DP... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Underwater corrosion engineers apply the same principals used in underground corrosion control but use specially trained and certified scuba divers for condition assessment, and corrosion control system installation and commissioning. The main difference being in the type of reference cells used to collect voltage read... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Metal whiskering is a crystalline metallurgical phenomenon involving the spontaneous growth of tiny, filiform hairs from a metallic surface. The effect is primarily seen on elemental metals but also occurs with alloys.
The mechanism behind metal whisker growth is not well understood, but seems to be encouraged by compr... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds to a promoter of an exposed DNA strand and begins to synthesize the new strand of RNA. The double helix DNA is unwound and a short nucleotide sequence is accessible on each strand. The transcription bubble is a region of unpaired bases on one of the exposed DNA strands. The starting ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
* CDC14s: CDC14A, CDC14B, CDC14C, CDKN3
* Phosphatase and tensin homologs: PTEN
* slingshot: SSH1, SSH2, SSH3 | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Pressureless sintering is the sintering of a powder compact (sometimes at very high temperatures, depending on the powder) without applied pressure. This avoids density variations in the final component, which occurs with more traditional hot pressing methods.
The powder compact (if a ceramic) can be created by slip ca... | 0 | Metallurgy |
DNA methylation in cancer plays a variety of roles, helping to change the healthy cells by regulation of gene expression to a cancer cells or a diseased cells disease pattern. One of the most widely studied DNA methylation dysregulation is the promoter hypermethylation where the CPGs islands in the promoter regions are... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In tissues, many different cell types interact with one another. In the brain, for example, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes (specialized cells of the neural tissue, each with specific functions) interact with one another as well as with cells that comprise blood vessels. All these different cell types may int... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Nod factors are potentially recognized by plant receptors made of two histidine kinases with extracellular LysM domain, which have been identified in L. japonicus, soybean, and M. truncatula . Binding of Nod factors to these receptors depolarizes the plasma membrane of root hairs via an influx of Ca which induce the ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The Forest of Dean and nearby areas were an ancient source of iron ore and charcoal. There is evidence of early mining and smelting, and there were many sites consisting of groups of forges. The site of Ariconium was on the rise of a hill, where airflow is increased due to the terrain. This favoured the establishment o... | 0 | Metallurgy |
As a hydrogen storage alloy, LaNi can absorb hydrogen to form the hydride LaNiH (x≈6) when the pressure is slightly high and the temperature is low, or when the pressure decreases or the temperature increases, hydrogen can be released to form repeated absorption and release of hydrogen. But for the dehydrogenation proc... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Manufacturing processes have five main variables: the workpiece, the tool, the machine tool, the environment, and process variables. All of these variables can affect the surface integrity of the workpiece by producing:
*High temperatures involved in various machining processes
*Plastic deformation in the workpiece (re... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The story of ledeburite begins in the late 19th century when Adolf Ledebur, a pioneering German metallurgist, embarked on a journey to unravel the complexities of steel microstructures. In 1882, Ledebur identified a distinct microconstituent in high-carbon steels, characterized by its unique lamellar structure. This di... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Cast iron has been found in China dating to the 5th century BC, but the earliest extant blast furnaces in China date to the 1st century AD and in the West from the High Middle Ages. They spread from the region around Namur in Wallonia (Belgium) in the late 15th century, being introduced to England in 1491. The fuel use... | 0 | Metallurgy |
mTOR signaling intersects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in several aspects, suggesting its potential role as a contributor to disease progression. In general, findings demonstrate mTOR signaling hyperactivity in AD brains. For example, postmortem studies of human AD brain reveal dysregulation in PTEN, Akt, ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Previous reports have identified as many as eight splice variants, which are translated into seven isoforms of the protein. Apoptosis-inducing Fas receptor is dubbed isoform 1 and is a type 1 transmembrane protein. Many of the other isoforms are rare haplotypes that are usually associated with a state of disease. How... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Williams was born in Tonypandy, Wales, the son of a coal miner. In 1944, he won a scholarship to study at the University of Bristol, where he earned a bachelors degree in 1948 and later a Master of Science in physics. In working to earn his masters degree, he studied stereo micro-radiography at the University of Chicag... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In order to infect a cell, the envelope glycoprotein GP120 of the HIV virus interacts with CD4 (acting as the primary receptor) and a co-receptor: either CCR5 or CXCR4. This binding results in membrane fusion and the subsequent intracellular signaling that facilitates viral invasion. In approximately half of all HIV ca... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Here is a summary of the sequence of events that take place in synaptic transmission from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic cell. Each step is explained in more detail below. Note that with the exception of the final step, the entire process may run only a few hundred microseconds, in the fastest synapses.
#The ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Presence of un-phosphorylated pRb drives cell cycle exit and maintains senescence. At the end of mitosis, PP1 dephosphorylates hyper-phosphorylated pRb directly to its un-phosphorylated state. Furthermore, when cycling C2C12 myoblast cells differentiated (by being placed into a differentiation medium), only un-phosphor... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The hatched areas in the figure represent the amount of solute in the solid and liquid. Considering that the total amount of solute in the system must be conserved, the areas are set equal as follows:
Since the partition coefficient (related to solute distribution) is
: (determined from the phase diagram)
and mass mus... | 0 | Metallurgy |
is a traditional Japanese chemical compound used in the niiro process for artificially inducing patination in decorative non-ferrous metals, especially several copper alloys, with the results being metals of the irogane class. These "colour metals," virtually unknown outside Japan until the late 19th century, have ach... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Mark III design encompassed the greatest improvement in the technology since its commercialisation. The focus was to make the technology more robust and easier to use in operations. The total redesign of the downcomer assembly allowed it to be isolated and unblocked much more easily compared to the Mark II design. ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The MODAL strategy defines overlap sequences known as "linkers" to reduce the amount of customisation that needs to be done with each DNA fragment. The linkers were designed using the [https://omictools.com/r2odna-designer-tool R2oDNA Designer] software and the overlap regions were designed to be 45 bp long to be compa... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
When (p)ppGpp is absent, pathogenicity is compromised for reasons that vary with the organism studied. Deleting relA and spoT genes, but not relA alone, gave a (p)ppGpp state that resulted in strong attenuation in mice and noninvasiveness in vitro. Vaccine tests reveal that 30 days after single immunization with the (p... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
There are several ways of reducing and preventing this form of corrosion.
* Electrically insulate the two metals from each other. If they are not in electrical contact, no galvanic coupling will occur. This can be achieved by using non-conductive materials between metals of different electropotential. Piping can be is... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Ceramography is the art and science of preparation, examination and evaluation of ceramic microstructures. Ceramography can be thought of as the metallography of ceramics. The microstructure is the structure level of approximately 0.1 to 100 µm, between the minimum wavelength of visible light and the resolution limit o... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Calcium is a necessary ion in the formation of the mitotic spindle. Without the mitotic spindle, cellular division cannot occur. Although young leaves have a higher need for calcium, older leaves contain higher amounts of calcium because calcium is relatively immobile through the plant. It is not transported through th... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The mineralization of copper is restricted to a few areas in western, central and southern Africa, and some have the richest deposits of copper in the world. In the west, copper has only been found in the arid regions of the Sahel and southern Sahara. The main sources of copper are:
# Akjoujt in Mauritania
# Nioro du S... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Genes with uninterrupted coding sequences that are thousands of bases long - up to 90,000 bases - that occur in many bacterial organisms were practically impossible to have occurred. However, the bacterial genes could have originated from split genes by losing introns, the only proposed way to arrive at long coding seq... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
POSCO, one of the world's biggest steel production companies, in 1986, initiated a founding of a science and technology university in the city of Pohang, about 200 miles southeast of Seoul, the capital city of Korea. Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) has now become one of the top research universiti... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In the human genome, STAT6 protein is encoded by the STAT6 gene, located on the chromosome 12q13.3-q14.1. The gene encompasses over 19 kb and consists of 23 exons. STAT6 shares structural similarity with the other STAT proteins and is composed of the N-terminal domain, DNA binding domain, SH3- like domain, SH2 domain a... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
A dendrite in metallurgy is a characteristic tree-like structure of crystals growing as molten metal solidifies, the shape produced by faster growth along energetically favourable crystallographic directions. This dendritic growth has large consequences in regard to material properties. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Commonly referred to as STD (Submarine Tailings Disposal) or DSTD (Deep Sea Tailings Disposal). Tailings can be conveyed using a pipeline then discharged so as to eventually descend into the depths. Practically, it is not an ideal method, as the close proximity to off-shelf depths is rare. When STD is used, the depth o... | 0 | Metallurgy |
bHLH transcription factors have been shown to have a wide array of functions in developmental processes. More precisely, they have critical roles in the control of cellular differentiation, proliferation and regulation of oncogenesis. To date, 242 eukaryotic proteins belonging to the HLH superfamily have been reported.... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The 3′-untranslated region plays a crucial role in gene expression by influencing the localization, stability, export, and translation efficiency of an mRNA. It contains various sequences that are involved in gene expression, including microRNA response elements (MREs), AU-rich elements (AREs), and the poly(A) tail. In... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements, which forms an impure substance (admixture) that retains the characteristics of a metal. An alloy is distinct from an impure metal in that, with an alloy, the added elements are well controlled to produce desirable properties, while impure metals such as wrought iron are less... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Huntington's disease occurs when the cytosolic protein Huntingtin (Htt) has an additional 35 glutamine residues added to its amino terminal region. This modified form of Htt is called Htt. Htt makes Type 1 IP receptors more sensitive to IP, which leads to the release of too much Ca from the ER. The release of Ca from t... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
eIF4F is important for recruiting the small ribosomal subunit (40S) to the 5' cap of mRNAs during cap-dependent translation initiation. Components of the complex are also involved in cap-independent translation initiation; for instance, certain viral proteases cleave eIF4G to remove the eIF4E-binding region, thus inhib... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 has been shown to interact with:
* Tax,
* CD117,
* Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor
* Growth hormone receptor,
* IRS2,
* Janus kinase 2, and
* TEC. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071209060605/http://cus.cam.ac.uk/~jld1/lists/ Cambridge University Officers] | 0 | Metallurgy |
Nuclear DNA is normally tightly wrapped around histones rendering the DNA inaccessible to the general transcription machinery and hence this tight association prevents transcription of DNA. At physiological pH, the phosphate component of the DNA backbone is deprotonated which gives DNA a net negative charge. Histones... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Scaffolds localize the signaling reaction to a specific area in the cell, a process that could be important for the local production of signaling intermediates. A particular example of this process is the scaffold, A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs), which target cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) to various site... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In metals and minerals, grains are ordered structures in different crystal orientations. Subgrains are defined as grains that are oriented at a < 10–15 degree angle at the grain boundary, making it a low-angle grain boundary (LAGB). Due to the relationship between the energy versus the number of dislocations at the gra... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell received the 1994 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for the discovery of the G Protein System. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Bronze disease is an irreversible and nearly inexorable corrosion process that occurs when chlorides come into contact with bronze or other copper-bearing alloys. It can occur as both a dark green coating, or as a much lighter whitish fuzzy or furry green coating. It is not a bacterial infection, but the result of a c... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Receptor desensitization is mediated through a combination phosphorylation, β-arr binding, and endocytosis as described above. Downregulation occurs when endocytosed receptor is embedded in an endosome that is trafficked to merge with an organelle called a lysosome. Because lysosomal membranes are rich in proton pumps,... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
According to structural and functional similarity, many local hormones fall into either the gastrin or the secretin family. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In the Copper Country region of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, the rock was reduced to fragments because further crushing would not result in enough additional copper recovery to be economical. The sand was then usually disposed near the mill. As mills often relied on steam power to operate and water for some of the... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In materials science and soil mechanics, a slip line field or slip line field theory is a technique often used to analyze the stresses and forces involved in the major deformation of metals or soils. In essence, in some problems including plane strain and plane stress elastic-plastic problems, elastic part of the mater... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The lost-wax method is well documented in ancient Indian literary sources. The Shilpa Shastras, a text from the Gupta Period (–550 AD), contains detailed information about casting images in metal. The 5th-century AD Vishnusamhita, an appendix to the Vishnu Purana, refers directly to the modeling of wax for making metal... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The silver-stained spots on the microarray are clearly visible. By using a transmission microarray scanner, the signals are transformed into digital values which are finally available as an image file. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
At the beginning of the 20th century, the entire Russian industry was in a deep crisis, the consequences of which affected the factories of the Urals until 1909. In 1909, the Ural iron and steel plants smelted 34.7 million tons of iron, which is 30.9% less than in 1900. During the crisis years, the share of finished ir... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The transcriptional regulation of the genome is controlled primarily at the preinitiation stage by binding of the core transcriptional machinery proteins (namely, RNA polymerase, transcription factors, and activators and repressors) to the core promoter sequence on the coding region of the DNA. However, DNA is tightly ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Though there are many methods to detect protein–protein interactions, the majority of these methods—such as co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and dual polarisation interferometry—are not screening approaches. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Karat is a variant of carat. First attested in English in the mid-15th century, the word carat came from Middle French , in turn derived either from Italian or Medieval Latin . These were borrowed into Medieval Europe from the Arabic meaning "fruit of the carob tree", also "weight of 5 grains", () and was a unit of m... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Jameson Cell is used to recover the organic solvent in solvent extraction – electrowinning plants from both the electrolyte and raffinate streams.
Contamination of the electrolyte increases operating costs and reduces the quality of the copper product. Any solvent remaining in the raffinate stream represents a los... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT2 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family. This protein is critical to the biological response of type I interferons (IFNs). It functions as a transcription factor downstream of type I interferons. STAT2 sequenc... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The importance of tin to the success of Bronze Age cultures and the scarcity of the resource offers a glimpse into that time periods trade and cultural interactions, and has therefore been the focus of intense archaeological studies. However, a number of problems have plagued the study of ancient tin such as the limite... | 0 | Metallurgy |
There are many ways to install screen media into a screen box deck (shaker deck). Also, the type of attachment system has an influence on the dimensions of the media. | 0 | Metallurgy |
Dross is a mass of solid impurities floating on a molten metal or dispersed in the metal, such as in wrought iron. It forms on the surface of low-melting-point metals such as tin, lead, zinc or aluminium or alloys by oxidation of the metal. For higher melting point metals and alloys such as steel and silver, oxidized i... | 0 | Metallurgy |
* NSD1 ()
* PELP-1 (proline, glutamic acid and leucine rich protein 1)
* RIP140 (receptor-interacting protein 140)
* YAP
* WWTR1 (TAZ) | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Tripartite motif-containing 24 (TRIM24) also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1α (TIF1α) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRIM24 gene. | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The earliest smelted iron object from Europe is a knife blade from the Catacomb culture in present day Ukraine, dated to c. 2500 BC. During most of the Middle and Late Bronze Age in Europe, iron was present, though scarce. It was used for personal ornaments and small knives, for repairs on bronzes, and for bimetallic i... | 0 | Metallurgy |
ASM International, formerly known as the American Society for Metals, is an association of materials-centric engineers and scientists.
As the charitable arm of ASM, the ASM Materials Education Foundation also operates ASM Materials Camp in the summers for high school students and teachers. These camps are intended to... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Protein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein. It is typically achieved by the manipulation of gene expression in an organism such that it expresses large amounts of a recombinant gene. This includes the transcription of the recombinant DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA), the translation ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Formation of the Pol I preinitiation complex requires the binding of selective factor 1 (SL1 or TIF-IB) to the core element of the rDNA promoter. SL1 is a complex composed of TBP and at least three TBP-associated factors (TAFs). For basal levels of transcription, only SL1 and the initiation-competent form of Pol I (Pol... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Different grains and their orientations can be observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques such as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) or polarized optical microscopy (POM). Samples are initially cold- or hot-rolled to introduce a high degree of dislocation density, and then deformed at different s... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Several species of fungi can be used for bioleaching. Fungi can be grown on many different substrates, such as electronic scrap, catalytic converters, and fly ash from municipal waste incineration. Experiments have shown that two fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium simplicissimum) were able to mobilize Cu an... | 0 | Metallurgy |
This process was developed by the National Smelting Company at Avonmouth Docks, England, in order to increase production, increase efficiency, and decrease labour and maintenance costs. L. J. Derham proposed using a spray of molten lead droplets to rapidly cool and absorb the zinc vapour, despite the high concentratio... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Santiago Ramón y Cajal proposed that neurons are not continuous throughout the body, yet still communicate with each other, an idea known as the neuron doctrine. The word "synapse" was introduced in 1897 by the English neurophysiologist Charles Sherrington in Michael Fosters Textbook of Physiology. Sherrington struggle... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Continuous dynamic recrystallization is common in materials with high stacking-fault energies. It occurs when low angle grain boundaries form and evolve into high angle boundaries, forming new grains in the process. For continuous dynamic recrystallization there is no clear distinction between nucleation and growth pha... | 0 | Metallurgy |
When referring to a promoter some authors actually mean promoter + operator; i.e., the lac promoter is IPTG inducible, meaning that besides the lac promoter, the lac operon is also present. If the lac operator were not present the IPTG would not have an inducible effect.
Another example is the Tac-Promoter system (Ptac... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In welding, equivalent carbon content (C.E) is used to understand how the different alloying elements affect hardness of the steel being welded. This is then directly related to hydrogen-induced cold cracking, which is the most common weld defect for steel, thus it is most commonly used to determine weldability. Higher... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The most elaborately accurate, but totally destructive, precious metal assay is fire assay. (It may also be called by the critical cupellation step that separates precious metal from lead.) If performed on bullion to international standards, the method can be accurate on gold metal to 1 part in 10,000. If performed on ... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Whether or not a given individuals brain can deal effectively with stress, and thus their susceptibility to depression, depends on the β-catenin in each persons brain, according to a study conducted at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and published November 12, 2014, in the journal Nature. Higher β-catenin s... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In 2008, Place et al. identified targets for miRNA miR-373 on the promoters of several human genes and found that introduction of miR-373 mimics into human cells induced the expression of its predicted target genes. This study provided the first example that RNAa could be mediated by naturally occurring non-coding RNA ... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Currently, receptor modulators are categorized in the Agonist, Partial Agonist, Selective Tissue Modulators, Antagonist, and Inverse Agonist categories in terms of the effect they cause. They are further divided into Orthosteric or Allosteric Modulators according to how they effect said result. Typically, a chemical ac... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The mouse sperm genome is 80–90% methylated at its CpG sites in DNA, amounting to about 20 million methylated sites. After fertilization, early in the first day of embryogenesis, the paternal chromosomes are almost completely demethylated in six hours by an active TET-dependent process, before DNA replication begins (... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The die casting process forces molten metal under high pressure into mold cavities (which are machined into dies). Most die castings are made from nonferrous metals, specifically zinc, copper, and aluminium-based alloys, but ferrous metal die castings are possible. The die casting method is especially suited for applic... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Polycomb-group (PcG) regulatory complexes are known for their influence in the epigenetic regulation of stem cells,
especially in hematopoietic stem cells. The Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC 1) is directly involved in the process of hematopoiesis, and functions together with, for example, the PcG gene “Bmi1”. S... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Ceramic microstructures are most often analyzed by reflected visible-light microscopy in brightfield. Darkfield is used in limited circumstances, e.g., to reveal cracks. Polarized transmitted light is used with thin sections, where the contrast between grains comes from birefringence. Very fine microstructures may re... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The ISASMELT process began with the invention in 1973 of the Sirosmelt lance by Drs Bill Denholm and John Floyd at the CSIRO. The lance was developed as a result of investigations into improved tin-smelting processes, in which it was found that the use of a top-entry submerged lance would result in greater heat transfe... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The notions that not all enhancers are transcribed at the same time and that eRNA transcription correlates with enhancer-specific activity support the idea that individual eRNAs carry distinct and relevant biological functions. However, there is still no consensus on the functional significance of eRNAs. Furthermore, e... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
Edward W Davis of the University of Minnesota is credited for devising the process of pelletizing iron ore.
Pelletizing iron ore is undertaken due to the excellent physical and metallurgical properties of iron ore pellets. Iron ore pellets are spheres of typically to be used as raw material for blast furnaces. They t... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Apoptosis triggered by FasR-Fas ligand binding plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the immune system. Its functions include:
*T-cell homeostasis: the activation of T-cells leads to their expression of the Fas ligand. T cells are initially resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis during clonal expansion, but become... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The solute carrier family 18 member 2 (SLC18A2) also known as vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A2 gene. SLC18A2 is an integral membrane protein that transports monoamines—particularly neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
The effectiveness of a medium to adsorb to a particle is influenced by the relationship between the surfaces of both materials. There are multiple factors that affect the efficiency of adsorption in chemical, thermodynamic, and physical domains. These factors can range from surface energy and polarity to the shape, siz... | 0 | Metallurgy |
The Historical Metallurgy Society is a British learned society providing an international forum for exchange of information and research in historical metallurgy. It was founded as the Historical Metallurgy Group in 1963. All aspects of the history of metals and associated materials are covered from prehistory to the p... | 0 | Metallurgy |
Fougèrite is a relatively recently described naturally occurring green rust mineral. It is the archetype of the fougèrite group in the larger hydrotalcite supergroup of naturally occurring layered double hydroxides. The structure is based on brucite-like layers containing Fe and Fe cations, O and OH anions, with loosel... | 0 | Metallurgy |
In eukaryotes mRNA molecules form circular structures due to an interaction between the eIF4E and poly(A)-binding protein, which both bind to eIF4G, forming an mRNA-protein-mRNA bridge. Circularization is thought to promote cycling of ribosomes on the mRNA leading to time-efficient translation, and may also function to... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
In molecular biology, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) or classical MAP kinases are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling molecules that are involved in functions including the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, inc... | 1 | Gene expression + Signal Transduction |
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Wikipedia Biological Processes vs Metallurgical Chemistry Binary Classification
This dataset is derived from the English Wikipedia articles and is designed for binary text classification tasks in the fields of biology and metallurgy. The dataset is divided into two classes based on the thematic content of the articles:
- Biological Processes: This class includes articles related to:
- Gene Expression: Articles that discuss the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product, such as proteins. This process is fundamental to understanding how genes control the structure and function of cells.
- Signal Transduction: Articles that cover the mechanisms by which cells respond to external signals. This involves a series of molecular events, including the activation of receptors and intracellular signaling pathways, which ultimately lead to a cellular response.
- Metallurgy: This class comprises articles focused on metallurgy, the branch of chemistry that deals with the properties, behavior, and processing of metals. Topics may include the extraction of metals from ores, the development of metal alloys, and the study of metal properties and applications.
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