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train · 3.46k rows

id stringlengths 10 10	question stringlengths 18 294	comment stringlengths 28 6.89k	passages sequence	presuppositions sequence	corrections sequence	labels sequence	raw_presuppositions sequence	raw_labels sequence	raw_corrections sequence
2018-04853	Why are smartphone fingerprint scanners so quick and responsive, but laptop fingerprint scanners always seem to be so gimmicky and ineffective?	phones dont actually scan your entire fingerprint. that's why you have to tap it a bunch of times during setup, so it can unlock even from a partial print. it's faster, but less secure havent used a laptop scanner but from what i've seen they're bigger than the ones on phones, so it's possible they scan the entire print to be more secure (of course, neither method is very secure since they rely on a data-set you leave on every object you touch)	[ "Fingerprint matching has an enormous computational burden. Some larger AFIS vendors deploy custom hardware while others use software to attain matching speed and throughput. In general, it is desirable to have, at the least, a two-stage search. The first stage will generally make use of global fingerprint characte...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-19474	China and Russia disappear people and it makes news but nothing happens. Why is it when this happens in Saudi Arabia there’s a huge international backlash?	Journalist For US newspaper At an embassy Of an "ally" of the US In a third party country & nbsp; Those factors all combine to make it a particularly egregious event.	[ "Since 2006, a Canadian citizen Nathalie Morin is stuck in Saudi Arabia with an abusive husband, fighting to go back to Canada along with her four children. With the on-going escalated tensions between Saudi Arabia and Canada, the future of Morin remains unclear. According to Morin’s mother Johanne Durocher, Morin ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-09591	Fruits or vegetables which are high in certain vitamins. Are they of actual use to the plant or just a by product or both?	I mean, the vitamins are produced for some function in the plant vitamin E for example is an antioxidant, which is used to counter some of the effects of oxidizing agents which can cause protein and DNA damage. One large factor in the production of oxidizing agents is UV radiation from the sun, so plants grown in areas with a lot of sunlight probably produce a lot of vitamin E (almonds, swiss chard, avocado, etc.) vitamin B2 is important in energy production. And one of the biggest uses of energy in plants is plant growth. So plants that grow a lot or grow quickly probably are using a lot of energy, so they probably need higher amounts of vitamin B2. It's rare that any organism would have a lot of anything that it isn't using, because it takes energy to make a lot of molecules. So if it were just some product of a reaction, the plant would likely have some way to break it down into something functional, or dispose of it. It wouldn't just hold onto an excessive amount of random junk that it won't use.	[ "Aside from performed vitamin A, vitamin B and vitamin D, all vitamins found in animal source foods may also be found in plant-derived foods. Examples are tofu to replace meat (both contain protein in sufficient amounts), and certain seaweeds and vegetables as respectively kombu and kale to replace dairy foods as m...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-00818	Does eating spicy food destroy beneficial bacteria in your colon?	I am not an expert by any means, but [this article]( URL_0 ) suggests that capsaicin, the active ingredient in spicy food, actually has a beneficial effect on your gut flora. Giving mice capsaicin increased the number of good gut bacteria and reduced the number of bad gut bacteria.	[ "The primary treatment is removal from exposure. Contaminated clothing should be removed and placed in airtight bags to prevent secondary exposure.\n", "The World Health Organization says care should be taken in the preparation and storage of salsas and any other types of sauces, since many raw-served varieties c...	[ "Eating spicy food could potentially destroy beneficial bacteria in one's colon." ]	[ "Some spicy foods actually benefit the colon rather than destroy, so it's unlikely spicy foods destroy the colon's bacteria." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Eating spicy food could potentially destroy beneficial bacteria in one's colon.", "Eating spicy food could potentially destroy beneficial bacteria in one's colon." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Some spicy foods actually benefit the colon rather than destroy, so it's unlikely spicy foods destroy the colon's bacteria.", "Some spicy foods actually benefit the colon rather than destroy, so it's unlikely spicy foods destroy the colon's bacteria." ]
2018-03643	how are subatomic particles “caught” to be used in a particle accelerator	Most of the time they are not caught. They are generated, in a collision, and studied as they fly past. When they hit the wall, they are lost.	[ "Section::::Important considerations for particle-beam storage.:Particle injection and timing.\n\nInjection of particles into a storage ring may be accomplished in a number of ways, depending on the application of the storage ring. The simplest method uses one or more pulsed deflecting dipole magnets (injection kic...	[ "Subatomic particles are caught.", "Subatomic particles are caught. " ]	[ "Most of the time subatomic particles are not caught, they are generated, studied, and then lost.", "Subatomic particles are not caught, but subatomic particles are generated in a collision and studied. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Subatomic particles are caught.", "Subatomic particles are caught. " ]	[ "false presupposition", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Most of the time subatomic particles are not caught, they are generated, studied, and then lost.", "Subatomic particles are not caught, but subatomic particles are generated in a collision and studied. " ]
2018-10571	how can a voter’s anonymity be preserved when they cast a provisional ballot before they’re verified as registered?	When a provisional ballot is cast, it’s in a sealed envelope which is put in another envelope. When the election officials review the documentation to see if the voter is entitled to cast the ballot, they then put the sealed envelope in a box with other ballots if everything checks out. Otherwise, the ballot is in a pile to be destroyed. Later, the envelopes are opened. So, the marked ballot and the voters information are never viewed at the same time so they can’t be correlated.	[ "This rule is ensured by a simple restriction: a candidate can't win an election unless its log contains all committed entries. In order to be elected, a candidate has to contact a majority of the cluster, and given the rules for logs to be committed, it means that every committed entry is going to be present on at...	[ "Provisional ballots are visible to election staff." ]	[ "Provisional ballots are in a sealed envelope which is put inside another envelope, they are not visible to election staff." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Provisional ballots are visible to election staff.", "Provisional ballots are visible to election staff." ]	[ "false presupposition", "normal" ]	[ "Provisional ballots are in a sealed envelope which is put inside another envelope, they are not visible to election staff.", "Provisional ballots are in a sealed envelope which is put inside another envelope, they are not visible to election staff." ]
2018-16257	Why is it when you get intoxicated from alcohol you're drunk, but if you get intoxicated from something else you're high?	[Slang changes over time]( URL_0 ). It used to be “getting stoned” and being “high” were euphemisms for being drunk on alcohol. If you’re asking about the physiology of intoxications, each drug acts on the brain (and body) in a different way, so the perception of intoxication is different.	[ "Section::::History.\n\nIn the 1970s and 1980s, Buffett frequently sang the song in concert with one of the choruses replaced with \"why don't we get stoned and screw.\" This can be heard on the 1978 live album release \"You Had to Be There\", where Buffett declares \"I just bought some Colombian herb and we'll smo...	[ "Getting intoxicated from alcohol is never called getting stoned and being high." ]	[ "The slang getting stoned and being high used to refer to being drunk on alcohol, but the meaning of these slang phrases has changed over time." ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "Getting intoxicated from alcohol is never called getting stoned and being high.", "Getting intoxicated from alcohol is never called \"getting stoned\" and being \"high.\"" ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "The slang getting stoned and being high used to refer to being drunk on alcohol, but the meaning of these slang phrases has changed over time.", "The slang \"getting stoned\" and being \"high\" used to refer to being drunk on alcohol, but the meaning of these slang phrases has changed over time." ]
2018-09504	When a lawyer "objects" to another lawyers statement, how is it handled.	Discussing things in the jury room that you have been instructed not to discuss is a good way to find yourself in contempt of court. If something is brought up in front of the jury that the judge feels is inadmissible but would be impossible for the jury to ignore he can declare a mistrial. Generally though there are no surprises in court. Both sets of attorneys have lists of the witnesses and evidence the other side intends to present, and have opportunities to challenge them in pre-trial motions.	[ "An attorney filing documents with the court, including pleadings, must sign the documents. The attorney thereby certifies that he has read them, that they are grounded in fact or law as determined by a good-faith investigation, and that they are not being filed for the purposes of harassment or delay. An attorney ...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[ "Lawyer's are unaware of the other lawyer's statements in court." ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Generally though there are no surprises in court, both sets of attorneys have lists of the witnesses and evidence the other side intends to present" ]
2018-02158	how are people able to track hackers ie: where they are, who they are, etc	This is part of digital forensics and is kind of like asking 'how do you know that this person murdered this other person without actually witnessing it?'. You can narrow hacking down to 1) Physical access - someone having access to the machine in order to clone the data to another device or crack it at the location 2) Remote access - someone able to crack into a device via logging in from another location. The password can be cracked by acting as a man-in-the-middle (think wiretapping) or hash-cracking, exploits, 0-days (think lock picking) 3) Exploiting bad code - bad sanitization ( URL_0 ) The way to track these people is by taking advantage of how they use the exploits and either de-anonymizing them via some method (comparing ISP logs with VPNs / other servers) or traditional methods (looking for motives and narrowing people down). If it is just one person this could be pretty hard to do, especially if there is no real motive except curiosity or mischief. If it is something bigger, the more people are involved, then the greater the chance you find someone who made a mistake, and the greater chance you catch someone who will talk (for a deal).	[ "BULLET::::- Identifying attackers is difficult, as they are often in a different jurisdiction to the systems they attempt to breach, and operate through proxies, temporary anonymous dial-up accounts, wireless connections, and other anonymizing procedures which make back tracing difficult and are often located in y...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]
2018-01339	How do people go about translating their name into a different alphabet?	Names are never translated officially (though they might be translated for fun between friends, in the case of names that are also just regular words). Names are transliterated based on internationally accepted transliteration systems - even for one language (such as Russian) to English there are multiple systems with minor variations. For instance, an й can be transliterated as a y or j or omitted in some cases depending on the system being used. For travel purposes, typically whatever organization is doing your documents will transliterate the name for you. For instance, if you're applying for a visa to Ukraine, the Ukrainian government will be the ones figuring it out for you. This helps keep transliterations uniform within one country at least.	[ "During the 1996 Utah Centennial celebration, an activity book for children was distributed, within which one of the activities was for a child to write their own name in the alphabet. The book says that a child who does this will be \"the first kid in 100 years to write [their] name in the Deseret alphabet!\"\n", ...	[ "People can translate their name into a different alphabet. " ]	[ "Names aren't ever really officially transliterated, also transliterated is the correct term for converting a name to another alphabet, the correct term for converting the alphabetical characters in a name is transliterated and not translated. " ]	[ "false presupposition" ]	[ "People can translate their name into a different alphabet. ", "People can translate their name into a different alphabet. " ]	[ "normal", "false presupposition" ]	[ "Names aren't ever really officially transliterated, also transliterated is the correct term for converting a name to another alphabet, the correct term for converting the alphabetical characters in a name is transliterated and not translated. ", "Names aren't ever really officially transliterated, also translite...
2018-19425	Why do you get dizzy if you stand up too fast?	Your blood pressure isnt high enough to support the sudden change in force needed to pump blood up to your head/brain, so you experience a temporary lack of oxygen until your blood pressure raises and you normalise.	[ "Normally, a series of cardiac, vascular, neurologic, muscular, and neurohumoral responses occur quickly so the blood pressure does not fall very much. One response is a vasoconstriction (baroreceptor reflex), pressing the blood up into the body again. (Often, this mechanism is exaggerated and is why diastolic bloo...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-00983	How do sea/motion sickness pills work?	Your brain has two ways to determine whether you are moving your head (there are more, but we can simplify this): your eyes, and some tiny "caves" inside the temporal bone. These tiny caves are filled with liquid, so when you move your head, because of inertia, the liquid moves. Lining the walls of these caves are cells which have appendixes that extend toward the center (of the caves). When the liquid moves, the appendixes are dragged in such and such direction. This triggers a chemical response inside the cells, which ultimately becomes a signal that is sent to your brain. When these signals and what your eyes see are not in agreement, you might become nauseous (you are not moving your head, but your brain interprets that your head is moving). This can happen, for example, when you are in a car on a sinuous road. You feel the swerving, but it is not due to your turning of the head. Motion sickness pills attenuate the intensity of the signals sent by the little caves so that there is not such a disagreement. Let's just say one opinion is less prevalent, so your brain is not so confused.	[ "Over-the-counter and prescription medications are readily available, such as dimenhydrinate commonly known as dramamine, scopolamine, meclizine, promethazine, cyclizine, and cinnarizine. Several of these are antihistamines, with mild sedation being a common side effect. Cinnarizine is not available in the United S...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]
2018-02608	What makes Earth's atmosphere sustain?	> I have wondered why the atmosphere is there, and how it does not dissipate. It is stuck on Earth for the same reason everything else is, because of gravity. Air is composed of materials with mass which means it has weight; not as much weight as many other things but still it is attracted to Earth. > It seems like a snow globe with a hard cutoff point somewhere a few miles from earths surface. There is no hard cutoff, it gradually gets thinner and thinner. In fact the height at which the International Space Station orbits there is still some slight bits of air that would gradually slow it down, meaning it needs to be boosted every so often with nudges from rockets to stay in orbit. > Are there any illustrations or anything explaining what it is really made up of? [Here is a graphic which illustrates what is going on.]( URL_0 )	[ "The troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere are the five layers which make up Earth's atmosphere. 75% of the gases in the atmosphere are located within the troposphere, the lowest layer. In all, the atmosphere is made up of about 78.0% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, and 0.92% argon. In addition...	[]	[]	[ "normal" ]	[]	[ "normal", "normal" ]	[]

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https://github.com/velocityCavalry/CREPE

@inproceedings{fan2019eli5,
    title = "{ELI}5: Long Form Question Answering",
    author = "Fan, Angela and Jernite, Yacine and Perez, Ethan and Grangier, David and Weston, Jason and Auli, Michael",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    year = "2019",
}

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