id stringlengths 10 10 | question stringlengths 18 294 | comment stringlengths 28 6.89k | passages list | presuppositions list | corrections list | labels list | raw_presuppositions list | raw_labels list | raw_corrections list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018-04853 | Why are smartphone fingerprint scanners so quick and responsive, but laptop fingerprint scanners always seem to be so gimmicky and ineffective? | phones dont actually scan your entire fingerprint. that's why you have to tap it a bunch of times during setup, so it can unlock even from a partial print. it's faster, but less secure havent used a laptop scanner but from what i've seen they're bigger than the ones on phones, so it's possible they scan the entire print to be more secure (of course, neither method is very secure since they rely on a data-set you leave on every object you touch) | [
"Fingerprint matching has an enormous computational burden. Some larger AFIS vendors deploy custom hardware while others use software to attain matching speed and throughput. In general, it is desirable to have, at the least, a two-stage search. The first stage will generally make use of global fingerprint characte... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-19474 | China and Russia disappear people and it makes news but nothing happens. Why is it when this happens in Saudi Arabia there’s a huge international backlash? | Journalist For US newspaper At an embassy Of an "ally" of the US In a third party country & nbsp; Those factors all combine to make it a particularly egregious event. | [
"Since 2006, a Canadian citizen Nathalie Morin is stuck in Saudi Arabia with an abusive husband, fighting to go back to Canada along with her four children. With the on-going escalated tensions between Saudi Arabia and Canada, the future of Morin remains unclear. According to Morin’s mother Johanne Durocher, Morin ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-09591 | Fruits or vegetables which are high in certain vitamins. Are they of actual use to the plant or just a by product or both? | I mean, the vitamins are produced for some function in the plant vitamin E for example is an antioxidant, which is used to counter some of the effects of oxidizing agents which can cause protein and DNA damage. One large factor in the production of oxidizing agents is UV radiation from the sun, so plants grown in areas with a lot of sunlight probably produce a lot of vitamin E (almonds, swiss chard, avocado, etc.) vitamin B2 is important in energy production. And one of the biggest uses of energy in plants is plant growth. So plants that grow a lot or grow quickly probably are using a lot of energy, so they probably need higher amounts of vitamin B2. It's rare that any organism would have a lot of anything that it isn't using, because it takes energy to make a lot of molecules. So if it were just some product of a reaction, the plant would likely have some way to break it down into something functional, or dispose of it. It wouldn't just hold onto an excessive amount of random junk that it won't use. | [
"Aside from performed vitamin A, vitamin B and vitamin D, all vitamins found in animal source foods may also be found in plant-derived foods. Examples are tofu to replace meat (both contain protein in sufficient amounts), and certain seaweeds and vegetables as respectively kombu and kale to replace dairy foods as m... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-00818 | Does eating spicy food destroy beneficial bacteria in your colon? | I am not an expert by any means, but [this article]( URL_0 ) suggests that capsaicin, the active ingredient in spicy food, actually has a beneficial effect on your gut flora. Giving mice capsaicin increased the number of good gut bacteria and reduced the number of bad gut bacteria. | [
"The primary treatment is removal from exposure. Contaminated clothing should be removed and placed in airtight bags to prevent secondary exposure.\n",
"The World Health Organization says care should be taken in the preparation and storage of salsas and any other types of sauces, since many raw-served varieties c... | [
"Eating spicy food could potentially destroy beneficial bacteria in one's colon."
] | [
"Some spicy foods actually benefit the colon rather than destroy, so it's unlikely spicy foods destroy the colon's bacteria."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Eating spicy food could potentially destroy beneficial bacteria in one's colon.",
"Eating spicy food could potentially destroy beneficial bacteria in one's colon."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Some spicy foods actually benefit the colon rather than destroy, so it's unlikely spicy foods destroy the colon's bacteria.",
"Some spicy foods actually benefit the colon rather than destroy, so it's unlikely spicy foods destroy the colon's bacteria."
] |
2018-03643 | how are subatomic particles “caught” to be used in a particle accelerator | Most of the time they are not caught. They are generated, in a collision, and studied as they fly past. When they hit the wall, they are lost. | [
"Section::::Important considerations for particle-beam storage.:Particle injection and timing.\n\nInjection of particles into a storage ring may be accomplished in a number of ways, depending on the application of the storage ring. The simplest method uses one or more pulsed deflecting dipole magnets (injection kic... | [
"Subatomic particles are caught.",
"Subatomic particles are caught. "
] | [
"Most of the time subatomic particles are not caught, they are generated, studied, and then lost.",
"Subatomic particles are not caught, but subatomic particles are generated in a collision and studied. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Subatomic particles are caught.",
"Subatomic particles are caught. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Most of the time subatomic particles are not caught, they are generated, studied, and then lost.",
"Subatomic particles are not caught, but subatomic particles are generated in a collision and studied. "
] |
2018-10571 | how can a voter’s anonymity be preserved when they cast a provisional ballot before they’re verified as registered? | When a provisional ballot is cast, it’s in a sealed envelope which is put in another envelope. When the election officials review the documentation to see if the voter is entitled to cast the ballot, they then put the sealed envelope in a box with other ballots if everything checks out. Otherwise, the ballot is in a pile to be destroyed. Later, the envelopes are opened. So, the marked ballot and the voters information are never viewed at the same time so they can’t be correlated. | [
"This rule is ensured by a simple restriction: a candidate can't win an election unless its log contains all committed entries. In order to be elected, a candidate has to contact a majority of the cluster, and given the rules for logs to be committed, it means that every committed entry is going to be present on at... | [
"Provisional ballots are visible to election staff."
] | [
"Provisional ballots are in a sealed envelope which is put inside another envelope, they are not visible to election staff."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Provisional ballots are visible to election staff.",
"Provisional ballots are visible to election staff."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Provisional ballots are in a sealed envelope which is put inside another envelope, they are not visible to election staff.",
"Provisional ballots are in a sealed envelope which is put inside another envelope, they are not visible to election staff."
] |
2018-16257 | Why is it when you get intoxicated from alcohol you're drunk, but if you get intoxicated from something else you're high? | [Slang changes over time]( URL_0 ). It used to be “getting stoned” and being “high” were euphemisms for being drunk on alcohol. If you’re asking about the physiology of intoxications, each drug acts on the brain (and body) in a different way, so the perception of intoxication is different. | [
"Section::::History.\n\nIn the 1970s and 1980s, Buffett frequently sang the song in concert with one of the choruses replaced with \"why don't we get stoned and screw.\" This can be heard on the 1978 live album release \"You Had to Be There\", where Buffett declares \"I just bought some Colombian herb and we'll smo... | [
"Getting intoxicated from alcohol is never called getting stoned and being high."
] | [
"The slang getting stoned and being high used to refer to being drunk on alcohol, but the meaning of these slang phrases has changed over time."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Getting intoxicated from alcohol is never called getting stoned and being high.",
"Getting intoxicated from alcohol is never called \"getting stoned\" and being \"high.\""
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
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"The slang getting stoned and being high used to refer to being drunk on alcohol, but the meaning of these slang phrases has changed over time.",
"The slang \"getting stoned\" and being \"high\" used to refer to being drunk on alcohol, but the meaning of these slang phrases has changed over time."
] |
2018-09504 | When a lawyer "objects" to another lawyers statement, how is it handled. | Discussing things in the jury room that you have been instructed not to discuss is a good way to find yourself in contempt of court. If something is brought up in front of the jury that the judge feels is inadmissible but would be impossible for the jury to ignore he can declare a mistrial. Generally though there are no surprises in court. Both sets of attorneys have lists of the witnesses and evidence the other side intends to present, and have opportunities to challenge them in pre-trial motions. | [
"An attorney filing documents with the court, including pleadings, must sign the documents. The attorney thereby certifies that he has read them, that they are grounded in fact or law as determined by a good-faith investigation, and that they are not being filed for the purposes of harassment or delay. An attorney ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"Lawyer's are unaware of the other lawyer's statements in court."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Generally though there are no surprises in court, both sets of attorneys have lists of the witnesses and evidence the other side intends to present"
] |
2018-02158 | how are people able to track hackers ie: where they are, who they are, etc | This is part of digital forensics and is kind of like asking 'how do you know that this person murdered this other person without actually witnessing it?'. You can narrow hacking down to 1) Physical access - someone having access to the machine in order to clone the data to another device or crack it at the location 2) Remote access - someone able to crack into a device via logging in from another location. The password can be cracked by acting as a man-in-the-middle (think wiretapping) or hash-cracking, exploits, 0-days (think lock picking) 3) Exploiting bad code - bad sanitization ( URL_0 ) The way to track these people is by taking advantage of how they use the exploits and either de-anonymizing them via some method (comparing ISP logs with VPNs / other servers) or traditional methods (looking for motives and narrowing people down). If it is just one person this could be pretty hard to do, especially if there is no real motive except curiosity or mischief. If it is something bigger, the more people are involved, then the greater the chance you find someone who made a mistake, and the greater chance you catch someone who will talk (for a deal). | [
"BULLET::::- Identifying attackers is difficult, as they are often in a different jurisdiction to the systems they attempt to breach, and operate through proxies, temporary anonymous dial-up accounts, wireless connections, and other anonymizing procedures which make back tracing difficult and are often located in y... | [] | [] | [
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"normal"
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2018-01339 | How do people go about translating their name into a different alphabet? | Names are never translated officially (though they might be translated for fun between friends, in the case of names that are also just regular words). Names are *transliterated* based on internationally accepted transliteration systems - even for one language (such as Russian) to English there are multiple systems with minor variations. For instance, an й can be transliterated as a y or j or omitted in some cases depending on the system being used. For travel purposes, typically whatever organization is doing your documents will transliterate the name for you. For instance, if you're applying for a visa to Ukraine, the Ukrainian government will be the ones figuring it out for you. This helps keep transliterations uniform within one country at least. | [
"During the 1996 Utah Centennial celebration, an activity book for children was distributed, within which one of the activities was for a child to write their own name in the alphabet. The book says that a child who does this will be \"the first kid in 100 years to write [their] name in the Deseret alphabet!\"\n",
... | [
"People can translate their name into a different alphabet. "
] | [
"Names aren't ever really officially transliterated, also transliterated is the correct term for converting a name to another alphabet, the correct term for converting the alphabetical characters in a name is transliterated and not translated. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"People can translate their name into a different alphabet. ",
"People can translate their name into a different alphabet. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
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"Names aren't ever really officially transliterated, also transliterated is the correct term for converting a name to another alphabet, the correct term for converting the alphabetical characters in a name is transliterated and not translated. ",
"Names aren't ever really officially transliterated, also translite... |
2018-19425 | Why do you get dizzy if you stand up too fast? | Your blood pressure isnt high enough to support the sudden change in force needed to pump blood up to your head/brain, so you experience a temporary lack of oxygen until your blood pressure raises and you normalise. | [
"Normally, a series of cardiac, vascular, neurologic, muscular, and neurohumoral responses occur quickly so the blood pressure does not fall very much. One response is a vasoconstriction (baroreceptor reflex), pressing the blood up into the body again. (Often, this mechanism is exaggerated and is why diastolic bloo... | [] | [] | [
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"normal"
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2018-00983 | How do sea/motion sickness pills work? | Your brain has two ways to determine whether you are moving your head (there are more, but we can simplify this): your eyes, and some tiny "caves" inside the temporal bone. These tiny caves are filled with liquid, so when you move your head, because of inertia, the liquid moves. Lining the walls of these caves are cells which have appendixes that extend toward the center (of the caves). When the liquid moves, the appendixes are dragged in such and such direction. This triggers a chemical response inside the cells, which ultimately becomes a signal that is sent to your brain. When these signals and what your eyes see are not in agreement, you might become nauseous (you are not moving your head, but your brain interprets that your head is moving). This can happen, for example, when you are in a car on a sinuous road. You feel the swerving, but it is not due to your turning of the head. Motion sickness pills attenuate the intensity of the signals sent by the little caves so that there is not such a disagreement. Let's just say one opinion is less prevalent, so your brain is not so confused. | [
"Over-the-counter and prescription medications are readily available, such as dimenhydrinate commonly known as dramamine, scopolamine, meclizine, promethazine, cyclizine, and cinnarizine. Several of these are antihistamines, with mild sedation being a common side effect. Cinnarizine is not available in the United S... | [] | [] | [
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2018-02608 | What makes Earth's atmosphere sustain? | > I have wondered why the atmosphere is there, and how it does not dissipate. It is stuck on Earth for the same reason everything else is, because of gravity. Air is composed of materials with mass which means it has weight; not as much weight as many other things but still it is attracted to Earth. > It seems like a snow globe with a hard cutoff point somewhere a few miles from earths surface. There is no hard cutoff, it gradually gets thinner and thinner. In fact the height at which the International Space Station orbits there is still some slight bits of air that would gradually slow it down, meaning it needs to be boosted every so often with nudges from rockets to stay in orbit. > Are there any illustrations or anything explaining what it is really made up of? [Here is a graphic which illustrates what is going on.]( URL_0 ) | [
"The troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere are the five layers which make up Earth's atmosphere. 75% of the gases in the atmosphere are located within the troposphere, the lowest layer. In all, the atmosphere is made up of about 78.0% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, and 0.92% argon. In addition... | [] | [] | [
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2018-00092 | Why are so trees susceptible to lightning strikes? | Actually, all trees attract lightning. They are tall and usually filled with moisture, thus providing a good electrical conducting path for lightning. Every day, thousands of trees are hit by lightning throughout the world. Past studies of the kinds of trees struck are complicated. It depends on tree height, the variety of trees present, and soil conditions. Overall, the oak tree appears to be most vulnerable: Oaks tend to be taller than the surrounding trees, thus attracting the lightning. They also have a high moisture content, which increases their ability to conduct the surge of electricity. When a tree is hit be lightning, most of the electrical charge moves through the outer, growing portion of the tree. This intense current can instantly vaporize sap into steam. As a result, the tree may violently split or even explode. About half of all trees struck by lightning survive for the moment. However, they are often weakened and made susceptible to future disease. A target tree is better off if struck after it has been thoroughly soaked by rain. Much of the electrical charge is then able to move safely down the outside surface moisture instead of through the internal tree | [
"Direct strike casualties could be much higher than reported numbers.\n\nSection::::Effect on nature.\n\nSection::::Effect on nature.:Impact on vegetation.\n\nTrees are frequent conductors of lightning to the ground. Since sap is a relatively poor conductor, its electrical resistance causes it to be heated explosiv... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
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2018-19900 | Why when you look into horizontal water you see a reflection but not vertical water? | It's because the reflection from the surface of any medium is dependent on the refractive index of the medium, the refractive index of the medium in which the light is first travelling, and the angle of incidence. So when you're looking down on the surface of a pond, you're looking at it from a large angle, and light tends to reflect more highly at large angles. When you look directly into a fish tank, the light is entering the water at a lower angle and so it's less reflective. . . If you want more information on the physics and maths behind this, you can read up on the Fresnel relations/equations. | [
"The depth that the water appears to be when viewed from above is known as the \"apparent depth\". This is an important consideration for spearfishing from the surface because it will make the target fish appear to be in a different place, and the fisher must aim lower to catch the fish. Conversely, an object above... | [] | [] | [
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2018-01981 | Why can blood only be donated? Why can't we manufacture it (in a lab)? | Blood is not just a liquid. It contains millions of living cells. These don't grow in place; they grow in bone marrow and then join the blood. | [
"Scientists from the experimental arm of the United States Department of Defense began creating artificial blood for use in remote areas and transfuse blood to wounded soldiers more quickly in 2010. The blood is made from the hematopoietic stem cells removed from umbilical cord between the mother and fetus of human... | [
"Blood should be able to be manufactured in a lab. "
] | [
"Blood contains millions of living cells, which only grow in bone marrow, which cannot be obtained elsewhere. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Blood should be able to be manufactured in a lab. ",
"Blood should be able to be manufactured in a lab. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Blood contains millions of living cells, which only grow in bone marrow, which cannot be obtained elsewhere. ",
"Blood contains millions of living cells, which only grow in bone marrow, which cannot be obtained elsewhere. "
] |
2018-03875 | Why do the body-cells age? | A few reasons. The most straightforward is that every time a cell copies it's DNA, it uses up a piece of the tail at the end of the DNA called the *telomere*. When a cell is out of telomere, fragments of the DNA itself start getting used and the cell goes into *telomere panic*. Each copy does damage to the DNA after that. | [
"BULLET::::- Accumulation of waste:\n\nBULLET::::- A buildup of waste products in cells presumably interferes with metabolism. For example, a waste product called lipofuscin is formed by a complex reaction in cells that binds fat to proteins. This waste accumulates in the cells as small granules, which increase in ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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2018-03681 | Why is blood slippery (like soap) when you wash it off, but otherwise sticky like glue? | Platelets in blood causes it to be sticky when dried on your skin. They pile together to close off open wounds and give the bleeding area a temporary gelatinous shield from foreign contaminants. Your platelets also work underwater, thickening and sticking to your skin. A bar of soap does a similar thing, sticking to your skin and slowly rinses off with more water. | [
"In early theoretical work, blood was treated as a non-Newtonian viscous fluid. Initial studies had evaluated blood during steady flow and later, using oscillating flow. Professor George B. Thurston, of the University of Texas, first presented the idea of blood being viscoelastic in 1972. The previous studies that ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
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"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-10532 | Why does the water behind a boat or other watercraft become lighter in colour? | Air bubbles. When the water is churned up like that, air gets mixed in, making it appear lighter in color. | [
"Countershading, the use of different colors on upper and lower surfaces in graduating tones from a light belly to a darker back, is common in the sea and on land. It is sometimes called Thayer's law, after the American artist Abbott Handerson Thayer, who published a paper on the form in 1896 that explained that co... | [
"Water behind a boat or other watercraft becomes lighter in color."
] | [
"Water churned by a boat or other watercraft produces air bubbles, which make the water appear a lighter color."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Water behind a boat or other watercraft becomes lighter in color.",
"The water behind a boat or other watercraft becomes lighter in colour."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
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"Water churned by a boat or other watercraft produces air bubbles, which make the water appear a lighter color.",
"When water is churned by a boat or other watercraft, it appears lighter in colour as it is full of air bubbles."
] |
2018-04685 | how have Albert Einstein’s theories contributed to modern technology like GPS? | GPS is actually a remarkably simple piece of technology, at least in its concept. You have a series of satellites in known places in orbit equipped with atomic clocks that send out a constant radio signal that simplified is essentially "Hello I'm satellite 3, the current time is XX:XX:XX" By knowing the current time when the satellite message was sent, and it's position, and the speed at which the message traveled (the speed of light) you can triangulate your position on the earth. The more satellites you get a fix on, the more accurate your position. But Einstein did contribute one mind blowing thing to the GPS network. He theorized that time was not a constant, and that the speed of time varies depending on your relativistic speed. The faster you move, the slower time flows for you. And at the speed of light time essentially freezes. To prove this they put two atomic clocks in perfect sync and placed them in a tower. One at ground level, and one up high. Since the second clock is higher off earths surface it's rotating around the earth at a higher speed than the one on the ground. After a couple of months they checked the clocks and sure enough the clock up in the towers clock had slowed down, not by a lot mind you, but just enough to prove Einstein's theory. So what does this have to do with GPS? Since the GPS satellites are in ~~Geo-synchronus~~ medium orbit they are very high off the Earth's surface and therefore moving very fast. Since time is critical to the GPS system they have to constantly update the clocks on the satellites to be in sync with themselves and on the ground because for them time moves at a slightly slower rate than those on the ground! | [
"On February 12, 2019, four founding members of the project were awarded the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering with the chair of the awarding board stating \"Engineering is the foundation of civilisation; there is no other foundation; it makes things happen. And that's exactly what today's Laureates have done -... | [] | [] | [
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2018-02972 | Why does some cars running on V8, V12 engines create a fluttering exhaust noise while others don't? | We'll focus on v12s initially to keep it simple. The firing order of a v12 (that is, when each cylinder burns its fuel) is consistent across all v12s*, which gives them an easily identifiable tenor like note. They don't all sound the same though, as you've pointed out, and that mostly falls down to the exhaust. The first part of the exhaust (which takes the fumes directly from the cylinders) is called the exhaust manifold, and there are different types. Some are crafted for extracting performance from the engine, whilst others are more concerned with refinement. In performance manifolds, the pipes are all carefully designed and shaped to be the same length (which is set by the desired characteristics of the engine), and merge with one another in a very particular manner to ensure optimal flow and pressure; this is heavy, expensive, and uses a fair bit more space - but creates a resonance in the exhaust which is responsible for the raspy bass rich sound. When refinement is the name of the game, the exhaust manifold is laid out in a more muted way, giving it a softer and more song like sound. In effect, though, you can kind of think of the exhaust manifold like a trumpet, different length pipes will produce a different notes, but the overall sound always remains distinct. The manifold eventually merges into a set of pipes which feed into what most people know as an exhaust system, the catalytic converter (cat) and the muffler. The cat is designed to do it's job in a manner of least resistance, but does take the edge off of the sound somewhat; for the most part though, the cat can be considered broadly the same across engines. The muffler has far more impact on the final sound, and does what it says on the tin, it muffles (or mutes) the sound produced. In recent years a lot more effort has been devoted to "tuning" (as in the musical sense, not the performance sense) the final output. The output can be changed by various different valves that open under different operating conditions (be it RPM, throttle position etc.), to routing the exhaust fumes in certain ways (again, somewhat like a trumpet), and have a big impact on the final sound you hear. Ultimately, in brands that use big engines, the exhaust note is seen as a signature. It's finely crafted so that it suites both the application and the brand itself, and has a big impact on the end drivers experience of the car. V8s are a little different though, in that there are 2 types of widely adopted types: - cross plane and flat plane. The plane refers to the layout of the crankshaft (the bit in the engine that takes the up/down motion of the pistons and transforms it into torque). The sound of a cross plane v8 is the sound most people think of when they imagine a v8 (AMG, corvette etc.), where as a flat plane v8 is the sound you hear from a Ferrari or a McLaren. A cross plane crank is arranged in 90 degree intervals (which is where it gets its name from, viewed down its longest axis it looks like a +). This gives it an uneven firing order, which is where the classic burble sound comes from. A flat plane crank is arranged in 180 degree intervals (which, you guessed it, make it look like a -). It's firing order is even, so in effect it sounds like two 4 cylinder engines working together, and gives it the higher pitch sound. Because of the uneven firing order on a cross plane crank, it needs counterweights to balance it out (otherwise it would shake itself to pieces). This adds inertia to the engine, limiting both its engine speed and acceleration. A flat plane crank doesn't require counterweights, so it can rev more freely (which again gives it a higher pitch sound). So while v12s have a broadly similar sounds, the sound of a v8 is very much dictated by the type of crankshaft it has. On top of that, you've then got all of the same exhaust considerations as outlined above, which enhance and change the final sound. With all that said and done though, the flutter your referring to could in fact be one of many other things: - * Overrun fuelling, I think this is more likely what you're hearing. In older cars that don't use electronic fuel injection, sudden cuts in throttle would produce a sound in the exhaust (anywhere from a flutter to a loud banging). This would be caused by a sudden drop in oxygen entering the engine, without a corresponding drop in fuel intake, which would cause the additional unburnt fuel to burn in the exhaust. In recent years manufacturers of sports/super cars have started mimicking this by injecting fuel into the exhaust and retarding/cutting fuel ignition when the engine is on the overrun (when the engine has no throttle input but the inertia causes it to slowly wind down). * Ignition timing, similar to the above, ignition timing (and I suppose to a wider extend variable valve timing) can have a big impact on sound under different throttle conditions. Modern, performance, turbocharged engines will deliberately retard and advance ignition timing in different states to try and reduce turbo lag, creating different sounds. * Waste gate flutter (and related sounds), less likely to be what you're hearing, but turbocharged cars will make different fluttery noises as they build/manage/dump boost. This can sound like anything between chirping, whistling, whooshing, and gargling. \* For the purpose of this answer, I suppose it is possible for a different firing order, but I don't know of any. | [
"Engines that are even-firing will sound more smooth and steady, while engines that are odd, or uneven firing will have a \"burble\" or a \"throaty\", \"growling\" sound in the engine note, and, depending on the crankshaft design, will often have more vibrations due to the unevenness of power delivery. Most racing ... | [] | [] | [
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2018-17461 | Why does lightning seem to be composed of many straight lines, why doesn’t it curves? | lightning is poorly understood and there is much false information about it. Lightning ionizes air and creates a plasma when an electric discharges passes through a gas. And Plasma conducts electricity better than air. So lightning follows a path at first based on electric potential that should be something like a strait line, but it's a strait line based on local electric potential. You have to recognize that the air the lightening passes through is not all equal. Some air cells and air pockets have higher electric potential than others so the charge flow direction is locally directed and reinforcing with plasma conductivity until it gets grounded and dissipates. here's a video on the new science of of the electromagnetic universe. It turns out lightning occurs in intersteller and solar environments and you can even have lightening bolts that travel from the sun to the earth via the solar plasma in what's called Berkland currents. In cosmology, large scale electric lightning phenomena is responsible for the large structure of the universe looking like a series of electric lightning paths connecting universe and solar systems. URL_0 | [
"BULLET::::- Smooth channel lightning is an informal term referring to a type of cloud-to-ground lightning strike that has no visible branching and appears like a line with smooth curves as opposed to the jagged appearance of most lightning channels. They are a form of positive lightning generally observed in or ne... | [] | [] | [
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"normal",
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2018-21492 | During first contacts, why is only the native population at risk for decimation from unseen diseases and not the foreigners? | Simply said, it is possible but because we live in much denser places and have a global exchange of pathogenes, we are more likely to carry a (deadly) disease than them. Further, we have cuttibg edge med. technologies if it comes hard on hard. | [
"The historical record indicates that when one culture is significantly more technologically advanced than the other, this side will be favored by the disruptive nature of conflict, often with dire consequences for the other society. However the introduction of disease plays a critical role in this process. More is... | [] | [] | [
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"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03886 | Why when I'm in total darkness/dim light do I see colors? | These bits of light or colour are called *phosphenes*, and are normal to see when in really dark settings, or increased by just about anything stimulating your eye or optic nerve. Pressing one's eyes will cause a lot of phosphenes for example. Seeing them in the dark is also knows as "prisoner's cinema" | [
"Section::::Content.:Chapter 2—On Colors.:§ 11.\n\nIn the operation of a healthy eye, three kinds of division of retinal activity often occur at once. (1) The quantitative intensive division unites with the qualitative division resulting in a loss of color energy and a deviation toward paleness or darkness; (2) Aft... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-21774 | what's the difference between 3-in-1 shampoo and mixing equal parts shampoo conditioner and body wash yourself? | I am not an expert on this, but came across a video recently which broke this down (might have been Wired). A shampoo is designed to remove oils (among other things) from your hair. A conditioner is designed to add oil (among other things) to your hair. 2-in-1 products have a formulation which is designed to allow the two seemingly divergent properties to coexist. Some of this is done via delayed activation of the conditioning element in 2-in-1 products whereby the conditioner doesn't kick in until you rinse (thereby washing out the shampoo and the oils while leaving behind the conditioner). Or there is a water soluble buffering agent which likewise gets rinsed out, leaving the conditioning agent behind. Because of this "compromise", using the product separately would yield the best results since you allow each product maximum conditions for efficacy. Mixing a conditioner and shampoo in your hand likely won't be as effective as the resultant mixture has not been formulated for it. Some of the effects of the conditioner will be neutralized by the shampoo without a buffering agent. Edit: grammar. | [
"Shampooing of artificial hair integrations can be as easy as shampooing real hair, with some considerations. For instance, many manufacturers suggest using a mild shampoo, or even a wig shampoo.\n\nDirections included with the integrations may indicate what type of shampoo to use; the methods of brushing, combing ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00904 | How do hashing functions avoid collisions? | Yes! Every Hashing function will have collisions. Each function also chooses how to deal with collisions. With a hash space like 2^256, you should be able to minimize collisions as I believe that number is bigger than the number of molecules thought to be in the universe (fact check that). Huge hash spaces help to minimize collisions, and good techniques for management can help to prevent clustering and further collisions. | [
"and for fixed formula_10 and formula_7 this translates into a single integer multiplication and right-shift making it one of the fastest hash functions to compute. Furthermore, if formula_3 is a uniformly random \"odd\" integer in formula_13 then this hash function is nearly universal in the sense that, for any fo... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"hasing function avoid collisions."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Hashing functions do not avoid collision, it happens and has to be dealt with. "
] |
2018-22643 | How can an infection of the bone, such as staph, lay dormant for many years with little to no symptoms? | The term dormant is a sort of borrowed term to describe what this bacteria does, describing a wide range of states. Basically we mean to say that metabolic activity is low and it doesn’t divide. We really don’t know much about the nature of dormancy despite its clinical significance. What triggers it, how does their metabolism change, and how do they exit dormancy? We don’t have a good answer for those questions yet. We can speculate that dormancy might be induced by starvation. So when times are tough and there’s not much food, it might be smart to hibernate for a while. But again we just don’t know. | [
"The extent of the reduction in bone density in most studies is 10–20%. The clinical manifestations on bone differ depending on the age of the patient. Postmenopausal woman are most sensitive to accelerated bone loss from thyrotoxicosis. Accelerated bone growth in growing children can increase ossification in the s... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01186 | If the core of Earth is heated by pressure buildup due to gravity, doesn't that violate conservation of energy? | > Is the source of that energy just the big bang scattering its atoms around? In a sense, yes. All of that energy of the universe was provided for in the Big Bang and everything since them has been the gradual winding down of the universe, converting all of that potential energy and order into unusable heat until one day there is no energy or heat left. | [
"Earth's internal heat powers most geological processes and drives plate tectonics. Despite its geological significance, this heat energy coming from Earth's interior is actually only 0.03% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 TW of incoming solar radiation. The insolation th... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Pressure buildup violates conservation of energy."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Energy used to create earth is the energy in the gravity that causes pressure buildup. It still follows conservation of momentum. "
] |
2018-16751 | How is a tooth or jaw ache medically related to heart disease/a cause of death? | Infection. Abscess tooth drains into the jaw socket. This can lead to soft tissue, bone, or even blood infection from there. It's obviously not a every time thing,but just like other infections they can be just as deadly. | [
"Osteonecrosis, or localized death of bone tissue, of the jaws is a rare potential complication in cancer patients receiving treatments including radiation, chemotherapy, or in patients with tumors or infectious embolic events. In 2003, reports surfaced of the increased risk of osteonecrosis in patients receiving t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-17097 | According to the law of gravity, every particle attracts each other. Then why does diffusion occurs? | Quite simply, gravity is a really weak force. You can't even feel the difference gravity when a 300-pound person walks close by, or when a 60,000-pound loaded truck drives by. | [
"Diffusion of adatoms may occur by a variety of mechanisms. The manner in which they diffuse is important as it may dictate the kinetics of movement, temperature dependence, and overall mobility of surface species, among other parameters. The following is a summary of the most important of these processes:\n",
"C... | [
"Gravity keeps all particles together. "
] | [
"Gravity is too weak to keep all particles together. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Gravity keeps all particles together. ",
"Gravity keeps all particles together. "
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Gravity is too weak to keep all particles together. ",
"Gravity is too weak to keep all particles together. "
] |
2018-18849 | Why is HIV/AIDS so hard to cure? | HIV is a virus. We can't really cure any virus, like we can with bacteria. All we can do is help the body's own immune system fight it off on its own. For example, when you have a cold, all you can do is rest and stay hydrated so your immune system doesn't have to work as hard, but there isn't a pill you can take - you just have to wait. Waiting for the immune system doesn't work for HIV, because the immune system is the thing that it attacks. So not only can your body not defend itself from it, it can't defend itself from anything else either. | [
"The life cycle of HIV can be as short as about 1.5 days from viral entry into a cell, through replication, assembly, and release of additional viruses, to infection of other cells. HIV lacks \"proofreading\" enzymes to correct errors made when it converts its RNA into DNA via reverse transcription. Its short life-... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03702 | How big is a Lagrange Point? How far from the center of a Lagrange Point can an object get before it no longer qualifies as "at the Lagrange Point" and develop a separate orbit? | Objects near the stable (L4 and L5) Lagrange points will "orbit" the points, following a roughly elliptical path centered on the point. In general, objects in orbit near a 2-body system will approximately follow the contours in this diagram: URL_1 You can see that if you get too far from L4 or L5, you'll follow a path that swings round L4, goes around the "back side" of the central body, swings around L5, and back again. This is known as a [horseshoe orbit]( URL_0 ), and several solar system objects are in this sort of orbit. If you're asking for the actual distance at which a stable Lagrange orbit opens up into a horseshoe orbit, that depends on the mass and distance of the two main bodies. | [
"Section::::Lagrange points.:point.\n\nThe point lies on the line through the two large masses, beyond the smaller of the two. Here, the gravitational forces of the two large masses balance the centrifugal effect on a body at .\n\nBULLET::::- Explanation :On the opposite side of Earth from the Sun, the orbital peri... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03191 | Why can't we increase our penis size through excercise, just like developing other parts of our body by working out? | Because working out increases the size of *muscles,* and this organ is not a muscle. So it's not relevant. | [
"Other surgical treatments include the injection of dermal fillers, silicone gel, or PMMA. Dermal fillers are also not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the penis.\n",
"Medical doctors do treat micropenis with surgical procedures. In such cases, surgery can improve urinary or sexual... | [
"You can increase the size of body parts by working out."
] | [
"You can only increase the size of muscles by working out."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"You can increase the size of body parts by working out."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"You can only increase the size of muscles by working out."
] |
2018-09931 | Why do things make high-pitched noises when they move really fast through the air? | I'm gonna repeat what @lisrh already said but in more details. Sound travels through the air in the form of waves. Therefore, the frequency that is used to define the pitch of sounds is nothing but the number of periods these waves go through in a second. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch of the sound. Now imagine a stationary ambulance with its sirens on. These sirens produce sound: waves that travel through the air in a given frequency. These waves travel in all 360 degrees that surround the ambulance. However, let's focus on the waves travelling in one linear direction: in front of the ambulance. Picture that in your mind. Now imagine that the ambulance starts moving in that direction. The waves that were created in t = 0 (stationary ambulance) are still travelling through the air when other waves created at t > 0 are created as well from another, much-closer source this time. These many waves merge together and give, to a spectator walking besides the moving ambulance, the impression of one resulting wave with a higher frequency tham the original one, thus giving that high pitch. This phenomenon is called the 'Doppler Effect'. This CrashCourse video gives a really good explanation of it: URL_0 (skip to 7:22 if you want to hear about Doppler Effect directly) | [
"Section::::Sound modality.\n\nSection::::Sound modality.:Description.\n\nThe stimulus modality for hearing is sound. Sound is created through changes in the pressure of the air. As an object vibrates, it compresses the surrounding molecules of air as it moves towards a given point and expands the molecules as it m... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-12219 | Why and how does the sky from time to time turn to all pink, all violet, all yellow, and all even red? | It is all due to what is known as Rayleigh scattering. Basically, the idea is that light from the sun comes in and interacts with the atmosphere, which then shoots the light out in all directions. However, this is heavily dependent on the wavelength of the light. Our atmosphere happens to be very good at scattering blue light, and so the blue light gets shot around the atmosphere and so you see the blue light coming from all around you and so you perceive the sky as blue. But, if the light is scattered more, it won't make it as far. So when the sun is setting, the light is coming in at an angle through the atmosphere toward you, and so, must travel much longer distances through the atmosphere. So what happens is most of the blue light is scattered off early on, so all that's left is the yellow/orange/red wavelengths, which is what you see at sunset. In the words of my old professor: "those bastards on the other side of the planet are stealing our blue sky." You can also have other effects such as pollutants which change the composition of the atmosphere have an effect. This is why sometimes near a big forest fire, it will make the sky look reddish. | [
"The greater the distance in the atmosphere through which the sunlight travels, the greater this effect, which is why the sun looks orange or red at dawn and sundown when the sunlight is travelling very obliquely through the atmosphere — progressively more of the blues and greens are removed from the direct rays, g... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-20370 | What exactly makes dead skin form flakes and that particular size and shape? Ie if the individual skin cells are dead and are smaller than skin flakes, what makes them fall off in much larger "flakes"? | Flakes are relatively long dead skin, if a lot of live skin all manages to reach end of life at the same time, it dries into a rigid cookie with the evaporated waxified skin oil acting as a sort of solvent to float them in a liquid bag that drains(as the oilyness evaporates off and leaves more waxyness) and jigsaws them together. It'd probably look a lot more complicated than what you're imagining if you used a microscope, picture a multi-decker skin cookie sandwich as the makup of your extra-large skin flake... Your skin is a lot more complicated than a diagram that is simplified for print. So if you're having large flakes of lets say scalp showing up with the same shape and (extreme)size, it's probably a sign that you have too much oil somewhere in your scalp, perhaps even simply sweat-lines along the bases of your hair follicles held in those follicle patterns being upwelled as your skin moves around and left to fall off. So showering more often or more thoroughly while sweating less might defeat that symptom. | [
"Although ultimately such structures are either biogenic (i.e., fossil) or abiogenic (i.e., pseudofossil), the information available at the time of study is insufficient to make an unambiguous determination. They belong to the dubiofossil category temporarily, awaiting additional evidence that will allow them to be... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01724 | Why have our bodies arrived at 98.6F as the "normal" body temperature? | It's a "sweet spot" in organic chemistry and biology where a number of useful things coincide... - water is liquid - fats are liquid/solid in useful combination - a wealth of proteins and catalysts are able to facilitate our metabolism - it's a balance between being high enough to keep fungal infections at bay (which adversely affect cold blooded creatures) without being TOO high and putting a too high requirement on food consumption to fuel it | [
"Core temperature, also called core body temperature, is the operating temperature of an organism, specifically in deep structures of the body such as the liver, in comparison to temperatures of peripheral tissues. Core temperature is normally maintained within a narrow range so that essential enzymatic reactions c... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-05476 | Why are the people of reddit so completely angry about things that are reposted? Do you truly believe that everyone has seen everything you have seen all the time? | Two reasons: 1. It fills up the feeds of people who spend a lot of time on reddit. They want to see new things instead of old posts. 2. The reposter is getting attention and karma for something that they did not create and many people have a moral problem with that. | [
"BULLET::::- \"Downfall\" (2004) – A film depicting Adolf Hitler (portrayed in this film by Swiss actor Bruno Ganz) during his final days of his life. Multiple scenes in which Hitler rants in German have been parodied innumerable times on the Internet, including when Hitler finds out that Felix Steiner has failed t... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-15608 | Why do carbonated drinks “sting” when you drink them? | The CO2 dissolved in the drink forms carbonic acid in our tissues due to the action of carbonic anhydrase enzymes. How do we know that? [Because inhibiting those enzymes makes fizzy drinks taste awful]( URL_0 ) and takes away the "burn" Even highly carbonated drinks are very mildly acidic, so it can't be the acid. The pH of a normal fizzy drink stored at 2.5 atmospheres is [about 4]( URL_1 ), which is about as acidic as tomato juice or 100 times diluted lemon juice. | [
"BULLET::::- For a CO pressure typical for bottled carbonated drinks (formula_4 ~ 2.5 atm), we get a relatively acidic medium (pH = 3.7) with a high concentration of dissolved CO. These features contribute to the sour and sparkling taste of these drinks.\n\nBULLET::::- Between 2.5 and 10 atm, the pH crosses the p\"... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-17569 | Why do spray bottles stop working when you use diluted bleach in them? | Apparently spray bottles contain a small metal spring, for which bleach is corrosive. URL_0 | [
"While spray bottles existed long before the middle of the 20th century, they used a rubber bulb which was squeezed to produce the spray; the quickly-moving air siphoned fluid from the bottle. The rapid improvement in plastics after World War II increased the range of fluids that could be dispensed, and reduced the... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-16203 | Can someone explain the amendment “banning memes” that was just passed by the EU? | The new legislation has no exemptions for fair use regarding the utilization of copyrighted material. So using a picture or still in a meme which prior to this was considered transformation and thus fair use and legal will be illegal to create or post for people in the EU. There is still one more vote on it in January, and it does not go active till 2021 if it gets that final approval, but it will make the creation of meme, and even most news reporting illegal unless you pay fees to do it. | [
"Experts expect that the short and rigid deletion periods and the high threat of fines would lead the networks to prefer to remove contributions in case of doubt, even if the freedom of expression guaranteed by fundamental rights would require a context-related consideration, for example in the differentiation betw... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"The EU already passed an amendment to ban memes."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"There is still an upcoming vote and the amendment to ban memes has not been finalized."
] |
2018-01948 | How are new sythesiser sounds made? | A computer program tells the machine what shape of sound wave to produce, using a series of numbers to describe the actual height of the wave over time. Different wave shapes make different sounds. | [
"For example, say the word \"shoe\" slowly, but keep making the \"sh\" throughout the entire word instead of just the beginning. Also try making the \"sh\" sound, but with a smile expression, and then continue \"sh\" while changing to a puckered or kissing expression.\n\nSection::::Examples.:An electronic example.\... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-21280 | Why does being cold make pain more intense? | I want to know too I’m guessing it’s due to your senses and nerves being heightened because your blood is rushing more to help with the cold. | [
"Ice can be used to decrease inflammation of sore or injured muscles. Heat can also aid in relieving sore muscles by improving blood circulation to them. While the whole arm generally feels painful in TOS, some relief can be seen when ice or heat is intermittently applied to the thoracic region (collar bone, armpit... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00721 | How does the chest cavity close up after heart surgery is performed? | Oh!!! I can answer this from the perspective of personal experience! I’ve had open heart surgery twice: once as a baby and once as a 20y0 (currently 27). So for me at least, they used a scalpel to cut the skin and then a surgical saw to cut through the sternum. Then they “crack” open the ribs to the sides to allow access to the heart. They said this can cause back pain for a little while after as the pressure of the ribs pushing back affects that. Anyway, they tinker with your ticker and when it’s time to close you up there’s different options: when I was a baby they used wire sutures that eventually get rejected out by the body and just fall out of your skin (like if you had any foreign body in your skin like a wood splinter). This time around I believe they used a special soluble glue that dissolves. It’s just there to hold the bones in place while the body does its own natural process of healing and renegerating bone. I’m not sure I can speak to the scientific jargon of how what happens but bones heal if they can and the glue just holds it in place while they do. It is a painful and slow process though. I couldn’t sleep any other way than on my back for quite a while! Happy to share lots more gross stories from the surgery if you want but it might get a bit off topic. Hope that’s helpful! Edit: while the bones heal they often have scarring or are slightly disformed. I have a few bumps along my sternum now as the bones don’t heal exactly as they were before. | [
"Section::::Treatments.:Device closure.:Surgically.\n\nThis procedure is done through open heart surgery (sternotomy or thoracotomy) using an ECC where the heart is stopped to allow a system of special cannulas to be placed. The hole is closed by a direct suture (sewing) if the hole is small enough or if the hole i... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02788 | When someone dies of "old age", what exactly kills them? | Some organ fails usually causing a cascade of failures because their body just can’t keep up with the demand anymore | [
"Health departments discourage listing old age as the cause of death because doing so does not benefit public health or medical research. Old age is not a scientifically recognized cause of death; there is always a more direct cause, although it may be unknown in certain cases and could be one of a number of aging-... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02658 | If our own average core temperature is 37°c, then why do feel hot in same outside temperature? | What you feel is not temperature, but the exchange of thermal energy. Consider the following: a paper book and a piece of metal are lying in a cool room. After some time, you go in and touch them both. Even though both have the same temperature (since they have been in the same room for some time), the metal object will *feel* cooler than the paper book. The reason for this is, that metal is a better thermal conductor than paper. Since your fingers are hotter than both the book and the piece of metal, both will transport energy away from your fingers upon contact. The piece of metal, however, will do this much more efficiently and faster than the paper. Thus, you are losing way more energy to the metal than to the book, which is why it feels colder. Being aware of this, we can answer your question: Our bodies are used to losing a certain amount of thermal energy to our surroundings. We feel comfortable losing a rate of thermal energy that corresponds to being in a ~20-25°C environment. If our surrounding environment is the same as our body temperature, we will not be able to lose thermal energy to the air. Thus, the flow of thermal energy from our bodies to the environment will be smaller than our bodies are comfortable with, thus making us feel hot. | [
"Different methods used for measuring temperature produce different results. The temperature reading depends on which part of the body is being measured. The typical daytime temperatures among healthy adults are as follows:\n\nBULLET::::- Temperature in the anus (rectum/rectal), vagina, or in the ear (otic) is abou... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03975 | How does your body not notice pain when you're distracted sometimes. Ex: Playing as a kid and get a cut, you don't notice until you visually see it. | Usually it’s because of the adrenaline that numbs the pain. In some cases certain cuts don’t hurt as much because of the way it was cut. | [
"The ability to experience pain is essential for protection from injury, and recognition of the presence of injury. Episodic analgesia may occur under special circumstances, such as in the excitement of sport or war: a soldier on the battlefield may feel no pain for many hours from a traumatic amputation or other s... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00019 | What causes the tingling sensation in our mouths after we taste certain foods? | That could be a mild allergic reaction. More common with apples, but also bananas and potatoes. Plenty of others as well. See if it happens with *all* foods or just some. | [
"Section::::Processing in the cerebral cortex.\n\nThe primary taste perception areas in the cerebral cortex are located in the insula and regions of the somatosensory cortex; the nucleus of the solitary tract located in the brainstem also plays a major role in taste perception. These regions were identified when hu... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-17857 | What would actually happen if someone took a cannonball square to the chest like in the movies? | I think it would depend somewhat on the size of the cannonball. Smaller ships often had only 6- oder even 4-pounders whose projectiles were no bigger than an egg. Those would merely make a hole in the chest and mess up the insides enough to be 100% fatal. A hit from a larger cannonball would transfer enough energy to the body to tear it apart completely. You might find the limbs lying around in the general vicinity. | [
"On December 6, 2011, while conducting the \"Cannonball Chemistry\" experiment, the MythBusters crew accidentally sent a cannonball through the side of a house and into a minivan in a Dublin, California, neighborhood. Although the experiment was being carried out at the Alameda County Sheriff's Bomb Range under the... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01780 | Where do veins in eyes come from and will they disappear? | The white part of the eye is covered with a translucent covering called the conjuntiva. The conjunctiva is the layer where the blood vessels you see on the eye are located. Usually it is transluscent so that you are able to see the white part of the eye called the sclera located beneath the conjunctiva. However, if the conjunctiva becomes inflamed or disrupted such as in the case of infection (conjunctivitis), trauma (subconjunctival henorrhage), or stress, the blood pools up in the conjunctiva making it more noticeable as what you can see as the red stuff on the eye. | [
"Another example in humans and some other animals is after an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). Collateral circulation in the heart tissue will sometimes bypass the blockage in the main artery and supply enough oxygenated blood to enable the cardiac tissue to survive and recover.\n\nSection::::Eye.\n\nAft... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-18338 | How are tariffs different than taxes and won't these ultimately fall to consumers to pay? Who's the beneficiary of the tarrif revenue? | Yes, consumers end up paying the price ultimately. They are a type of tax, charged to imported goods. They are supposed to benefit domestic producers of the same/similar good. For example, let's say US made steel costs $100/ton, while Korean steel costs $80/ton. Manufacturers needing steel will be likely to buy the Korean steel to reduce their manufacturing costs. But a 30% tariff would raise the price to $104 and make the Korean steel more expensive than the American steel. This may help the American steel maker, but the costs of the products would go up, and get passed on to the consumer. | [
"Countervailing duties in the U.S. are assessed by the International Trade Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce which determines whether imports in question are being subsidized and, if so, by how much. If there is a determination that there is material injury to the competing domestic industry, the De... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02154 | How do David Attenborough's camera crew get such perfect footage of small fast animals? | They have a lot of cameras set up around near a spot where it is known to be. And they just keep waiting | [
"BULLET::::- 1988–9 – \"The Trials of Life\". Wildlife sequences filmed over three years for David Attenborough's award-winning 13-part BBC TV series; consultations with BBC on Australian subjects researched and filmed by Mantis.\n",
"BULLET::::- \"Eagle: The Master of the Skies\" uses aerial photography to captu... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04334 | why are tattoos featuring copy-write content not copy-write infringement? What about memes featuring popular content like cartoon characters? | 1. The word is copyright, because it deals with the legal right to copy. 2. Probably most of them *are*, in fact, infringing. It's not always worth it to go after every random tattoo artist, though. 3. In addition to copyright infringement, it's often *also* trademark infringement. | [
"If it is found that the meme has made use of a copyrighted work, such as the movie still or photograph without due permission from the original owner, it would amount to copyright infringement. Rage comics and memes created for the sole purpose of becoming memes would normally be original works of the creator and ... | [
"Tattoos using copy write content are not infringing on copywrite laws."
] | [
"They are infringing on copywrite laws, it just isn't worth going after them. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Tattoos using copy write content are not infringing on copywrite laws."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"They are infringing on copywrite laws, it just isn't worth going after them. "
] |
2018-20596 | Why is it called the Heat "Death" Of The Universe? | Heat death is when the entire universe stops making new stars, and no longer radiates heat. Even black holes evaporate and cease to exists. It’s called Heat Death because there will be no more heat, no more radiation, only matter slowly decaying until there’s nothing left. Happy thoughts | [
"Section::::Controversies.\n",
"The hypothesis of heat death stems from the ideas of William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (Lord Kelvin), who in the 1850s took the theory of heat as mechanical energy loss in nature (as embodied in the first two laws of thermodynamics) and extrapolated it to larger processes on a univ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-20223 | Why are cable and internet company options in the US so limited? | In short: monopolies. Major telecom companies took advantage of the fact that internet/cable access had not had specific legislation made concerning them (or that they had not been classified in a manner that existing legislation applied to them). This allowed said companies to section off service areas into controlled monopolies, and to lobby politically to protect their monopolies. They do not compete, so they are able to maintain high rates and not invest in improving/expanding services. | [
"In the United States, cable operators were not required to provide access to their facilities to other competing businesses. However, local telephone providers with physical infrastructure, or incumbent local exchange carriers, had such an obligation. This asymmetrical scheme of regulation became a problem when th... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-09666 | Why do all modern phones have stripes on the bottom? (Picture in text) | If your talking about the thin lines that run all along the phone, them it's separation for the antennas in the phone. Your phone has different antennas for cellular/LTE connections, Bluetooth, wifi..... Those lines are either where the antennas are run or they separate different metallic parts of the phone that act as antennas. | [
"On the CDMA version of the phone there are four slits in the metal band. Two at the top (on the left and right) and two at the bottom. This divides the metal band into four different segments, which like the GSM version of the phone, serves as different antennas for connectivity. The top portion of the band (divid... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00431 | How does mariana trench stay in one place if tectonic plates of the earth move? | Tectonic plates move something like a centimeter at most a year. It would take tens of thousands of years for it to noticeably move. | [
"The trench is not the part of the seafloor closest to the center of the Earth. This is because the Earth is an oblate spheroid, not a perfect sphere; its radius is about smaller at the poles than at the equator. As a result, parts of the Arctic Ocean seabed are at least closer to the Earth's center than the Challe... | [
"Mariana trench should move with tectonic plates."
] | [
"It does move however the movement is so miniscule that it is imperceptable. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Mariana trench should move with tectonic plates."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"It does move however the movement is so miniscule that it is imperceptable. "
] |
2018-09264 | How do TV/Radio stations know how many viewers/listeners they have at specific times? | URL_0 A company selects certain individuals to install a box on their TV that captures information of what they are watching. Based on how many people participate they can gauge what the rest of America is watching e.g. if 75% Neilsen families are watching Family Guy then they can reasonably predict that 75% of other families are watching it. | [
"In 2005, ACNielsen initiated their MVP (Media Voice Panel) program. Panel members carry an electronic monitor that detects the digital station and program identification codes hidden within the TV and radio broadcasts they are exposed to. At night, members place the monitor in a cradle that sends the collected dat... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00879 | Why can't I pump water up over 10m by changing the column shape? | It has to do with the weight of the water and the force of the atmosphere pushing down on the water at the end of the column. At sea level 1 atm = 14.7 psi, the vacuum at 0 psi can't lift more than 14.7 lbs of water per square inch of the column. The shape of the column doesn't matter, only the cross sectional area. The only way to go beyond the 33.9 foot limit is to pressurized the bottom of the column . | [
"This system can be difficult to balance due to the supply line being a different length than the return; the further the heat transfer device is from the boiler, the more pronounced the pressure difference. Because of this, it is always recommended to: minimize the distribution piping pressure drops; use a pump wi... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02786 | If bacteria grow well in warm environments and we use cold environments to slow bacteria growth, then why must we use hot water along with soap to wash dishes, etc.? | Hot water is a much better solvent. The soap is chemically destroying bacteria at either temperature, so the primary concern when choosing water temperature is to maximize grime removal. That works best at higher temperatures. | [
"Hot water that is comfortable for washing hands is not hot enough to kill bacteria. Bacteria grow much faster at body temperature (37 C). However, warm, soapy water is more effective than cold, soapy water at removing natural oils which hold soils and bacteria. Contrary to popular belief however, scientific studie... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-13059 | Why do farmers plant sunflowers around corn fields? | Corn crops leave an excess of Nitrogen in the soil. Sunflowers can be planted as a follow-up to take advantage of that. They like the nitrogen-rich soil. Farmers used to do this with soybeans as a pairing but found that the soybeans had various problems that the sunflowers do not have. But the short short answer to this is "because they found it to be most profitable to do." That at least speaks to the motivation. | [
"Traditionally, several Native American groups planted sunflowers on the north edges of their gardens as a \"fourth sister\" to the better-known three sisters combination of corn, beans, and squash. Annual species are often planted for their allelopathic properties.\n\nHowever, for commercial farmers growing commod... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-07748 | why ARM processors are less energy consuming than x86 and why it is not easy to make x86 less consuming? | A lot of the techniques that make x86 processors as fast as they are come with a severe power cost. The architecture has 30+ years of backwards compatibility and quirky behavior to maintain. ARM is a relatively simple architecture and was made with energy efficiency in mind, not the "performance at all costs" mantra that drove x86. ARM has also been able to issue multiple versions that break backwards compatibility to drop legacy features and add new ones. | [
"Section::::Optimization goals.:Targets.:Performance per watt.\n\nSoCs are optimized to maximize power efficiency in performance per watt: maximize the performance of the SoC given a budget of power usage. Many applications such as edge computing, distributed processing and ambient intelligence require a certain le... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-10141 | Why can most people cross their eyes easily, but not point them in opposite directions outward? | Crossing your eyes is a physiologically normal thing that you train to do from birth. Whenever you look at something up close, your eyes come together slightly. The closer it is to your face, the closer your eyes get. Otherwise, when you looked at something up close, you'd get double vision. Looking outwards isn't an "in-built" mechanism in our brain so we can't do it. | [
"It was noted that James Gordon Bennett was cross eyed for most of his life, an acquaintance once said that he was \"so terribly cross-eyed that when he looked at me with one eye, he looked out at the City Hall with the other.\"\n",
"Section::::In religion.:Islam.\n",
"It has long been recognized that full bino... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-20534 | Why can't we vote online? It seems ridiculous we have to drive to do such a simple and important task. | Because there is no way to make it even close to secure enough. And only a fool would trust that system. | [
"Section::::Types of interaction.:Voting and polling.\n\nAnother great hurdle in implementing e-democracy is the matter of ensuring security in internet-voting systems. Viruses and malware could block or redirect citizens' votes on matters of great importance; as long as that threat remains, e-democracy will not be... | [
"Voting online is secure and able to be trusted. "
] | [
"Voting online would not be secure or able to be trusted. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Voting online is secure and able to be trusted. ",
"Voting online is good."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Voting online would not be secure or able to be trusted. ",
"There is no way to make it even close to secure enough."
] |
2018-01341 | How is it that the tiny cameras in our phones can match the resolution of larger dedicated camera | On paper it might match, but if you have ever compared the two the difference is quite noticeable. The sensor in a camera is very small compared to say a 35mm full frame format dslr. Therefore you can logically deduce that the resolution capturing of the light levels and detail as well as reduction of noise (inconsistent light transmission or refraction of light from particles due to light sensitivity levels or ISO of the sensor) will be better when the surface area of your sensor is larger. This is why if you were to look at a 1080 x 768 image produced by both camera types you can still notice a difference in color and pixel accuracy even in day time photos, let alone the more drastic different as light availability goes down. Also the quality of the picture not only reflects sensor size but also sensor quality, as well as the glass quality and type of lens focusing the light sources. It doesn't matter if you have the most expensive and largest sensor in the world, if you are using a piece of frosted glass as your lens you will get just a really large 2880 x 1440 picture of grainy blurs (albeit a very good one). Obviously great efforts are spent to make good quality glass that not only accurately focuses and directs the light onto the sensor in a way that doesn't introduce artifacts from glass production issues, distortion affecting extreme angles, or chromatic abberations from prisms and light angles, but is also light enough and practical for use on a camera. An example would be if you look up how they created the Hubble telescope which is essentially a single giant mirror that focuses all the light into giant sensors that use algorithms to filter out the noise and produce images. For what it's worth, the technology behind phone cameras has become advanced enough and will probably continue to do so to the point where the limiting factor may only be manufacturing tech or physics of light and mediums itself, but I'd say at a physical perspective it can only get so good as a dedicated camera. Besides phones are already so good at so many things that are enough for the average person anyways . In the end it's true the saying that the best camera is the one you have with you most of the time, because that's the one you will use and capture the moments with. A bad picture sometimes is better than no picture at all. | [
"Micro-lenses in recent imaging chips have attained smaller and smaller sizes. The Samsung NX1 mirrorless system camera packs 28.2 million micro-lenses onto its CMOS imaging chip, one per photo-site, each with a side length of just 3.63 micrometer. For smartphones this process is miniaturized even further: The Sams... | [
"Picture quality is the same between those cameras.",
"Small phone cameras can match the resolution of cameras much larger. "
] | [
"Picture quality is not the same to a trained eye. ",
"While it seems resolution of phone cameras may match larger cameras, they actually are not the same resolution at all."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Picture quality is the same between those cameras.",
"Small phone cameras can match the resolution of cameras much larger. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Picture quality is not the same to a trained eye. ",
"While it seems resolution of phone cameras may match larger cameras, they actually are not the same resolution at all."
] |
2018-13548 | How can it be proven that a piece of intellectual property belongs to its owner? | If its a copyrightable work you can register it with the US Copyright Office. If its a patentable invention you *need* to register it with the US Patent Office. Other methods, like mailing it to yourself or having it notarized are trivial to fake and do absolutely nothing to prove ownership. | [
"2. Market approach: The market approach is based on the economic principle of competition and equilibrium. These principles conclude that, in a free and unrestricted market, supply and demand factors will drive the price of an asset at equilibrium point. Furthermore, it provides an indication of the value by compa... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-20288 | why is it illegal in some locations for retailers to have sales perpetually and moreover how is it ostensibly profitable for a store to constantly issue rebates in the first place—like how do profit margins not suffer? | 1 - If an item is "on sale" 100% of the time, then it's not on sale. That's just it's regular retail price. So a business can't lure people in with "on sale" when it's not an actual special reduced sale price. That's considered bait and switch. & #x200B; 2 - Prices are increased to cover the cost of sales and rebates. & #x200B; | [
"BULLET::::- A representative in 2005 from The Marco Corporation stated, \"In some cases, we do have redemption programs that go as high as forty to fifty per cent, but generally it’s about one to five per cent\". In the same article, John Challinor, advertising manager for Sony Canada remarks, \"The industry avera... | [
"Perpetual retail sales cause profit margins to suffer. ",
"Profit margins should suffer when a store constantly issues rebates."
] | [
"Prices advertised as always being on sale are not actually marked down. ",
"When a store issues rebates, it also raises prices to cover the cost of the rebates."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Perpetual retail sales cause profit margins to suffer. ",
"Profit margins should suffer when a store constantly issues rebates."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Prices advertised as always being on sale are not actually marked down. ",
"When a store issues rebates, it also raises prices to cover the cost of the rebates."
] |
2018-02824 | Why are we allowed to view webpage source code? | Because it's not source code. It is the page. HTML is a markup language (that's what the 'ML' stand up for). That means that the page you see is transmitted to you largely as text and then it's up to your browser to take those instructions and render the page. There are pages where actual programs are executed on the server side to dynamically build pages. You don't see the source code of those. The just do their thing and then drop the result into the HTML on demand. | [
"The term web page usually refers to what is visible, but may also refer to the contents of the source code itself, which is usually a text file containing hypertext written in HTML or a comparable markup language. Most current web browsers include the ability to view the source code. Web browsers will frequently h... | [
"You can view actual source code of the website.",
"Webpage source codes are allowed to be viewed."
] | [
"The code you are viewing is not what makes the website function. The code that makes the site function is run on a server and the results are put onto the page to be displayed. You are viewing those results and other basic layout information. ",
"Webpage source codes are not allowed to be viewed, it is the webpa... | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"You can view actual source code of the website.",
"Webpage source codes are allowed to be viewed."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The code you are viewing is not what makes the website function. The code that makes the site function is run on a server and the results are put onto the page to be displayed. You are viewing those results and other basic layout information. ",
"Webpage source codes are not allowed to be viewed, it is the webpa... |
2018-03068 | Why is Shakespeare's work always studied in high school? | Those plays are basically the foundation of modern literature, almost everything that came after was influenced by them. Part of their importance is the beauty of their language and their hilarious pins, so translations would lose a lot of what makes them so good. In other words, it's more than the plots that are important. | [
"Likewise, it has been argued that the quarto of \"Romeo and Juliet\" was printed from a reduced and simplified version, designed for provincial productions. The argument has also been made for the published version of Marlowe's \"Massacre at Paris\", and the first quarto of \"Hamlet\".\n",
"Shakespeare continued... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-23791 | Why your vision goes dark for a moment after you firmly rub your eyes? | Your eyes are basically fleshy lenses for trapping light. When you put pressure on them, you change their shape slightly, distorting the light they receive. | [
"The EOG is used to assess the function of the pigment epithelium. During dark adaptation, resting potential decreases slightly and reaches a minimum (\"dark trough\") after several minutes. When light is switched on, a substantial increase of the resting potential occurs (\"light peak\"), which drops off after a f... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-14858 | why do pennies exist? Considering that the cost of producing them surpasses their value, aren't we just wasting money? | The production of physical currency by the government is not primarily a money-making enterprise. Instead the desire is to provide a medium of exchange of value for the population to use, facilitating economic activity. Pointing out that a specific unit of physical currency costs more to produce than its face value is entirely irrelevant to the issue of if it should continue to be produced. It is sort of like noting that traffic police don't take in enough in issued tickets to pay their wages. Even if that is true, so what? Traffic police are not a for-profit enterprise. | [
"BULLET::::- Limited utility Pennies are not accepted by any vending machines or by most toll booths, and are generally not accepted in bulk. Economist Greg Mankiw says that \"The purpose of the monetary system is to facilitate exchange, but...the penny no longer serves that purpose.\" Pennies often drop out of cir... | [
"Producing pennies is a waste of money."
] | [
"The production of physical currency like pennies is not primarily a money-making enterprise, but an exchange medium that facilitates economic activity."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Producing pennies is a waste of money."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The production of physical currency like pennies is not primarily a money-making enterprise, but an exchange medium that facilitates economic activity."
] |
2018-18590 | Why does a bad throat often turn to common cold? | Well, one of the symptoms of the common cold is a sore throat, so it's likely that it was always a cold, and the sore throat was just the first symptom you experienced. | [
"Section::::Diagnosis.\n\nThe distinction between viral upper respiratory tract infections is loosely based on the location of symptoms with the common cold affecting primarily the nose, pharyngitis (the throat), and bronchitis (the lungs). There can be significant overlap and more than one area can be affected. Th... | [
"A sore throat often turns into the common cold.",
"Sore throats turn into a common cold. "
] | [
"It is likely that the sore throat is just the first symptom of the common cold.",
"Because a sore throat is a symptom of a cold, the cold was likely already had beforehand, meaning the sore throat did not turn into the cold, because the sore throat was the cold. "
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"A sore throat often turns into the common cold.",
"Sore throats turn into a common cold. "
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"It is likely that the sore throat is just the first symptom of the common cold.",
"Because a sore throat is a symptom of a cold, the cold was likely already had beforehand, meaning the sore throat did not turn into the cold, because the sore throat was the cold. "
] |
2018-03646 | Why are we not actively domesticating any new species? | True domestication takes a very long time and changes the animals way of thinking and if memory serves me genetically as well. Most pets aren't actually domesticated like dogs are, they're just nice to us humans. I think i heard that the current level of domestication we have with dogs took nearly 50,000 years so... Yup 😛 | [
"This page gives a list of domestic animals, also including a list of animals which are or may be currently undergoing the process of domestication and animals that have an extensive relationship with humans beyond simple predation. This includes species which are semi-domesticated, undomesticated but captive-bred ... | [
"Pets other than dogs are domesticated."
] | [
"Most pets are not domesticated like dogs, and pets thought of as being domesticated are just nice to humans."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Pets other than dogs are domesticated.",
"Pets other than dogs are domesticated."
] | [
"normal",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Most pets are not domesticated like dogs, and pets thought of as being domesticated are just nice to humans.",
"Most pets are not domesticated like dogs, and pets thought of as being domesticated are just nice to humans."
] |
2018-16801 | When on Keto Diet, why does the body use your existing fat supply and not the ones you're eating while on diet? | I could be wrong, but your body will use dietary energy before it starts using body fat for energy. But the keto diet makes it easier to eat in a calorie deficit (due to fat and protein being more satiating than carbs) meaning your body will have to start using body fat reserves sooner. I should probably be a bit more educated about this since I’ve been eating a keto diet for the last 4 or so months. | [
"Adipose tissue can be used to store fatty acids for regulating temperature and energy. These fatty acids can be released by adipokine signaling of high glucagon and epinephrine levels, which inversely corresponds to low insulin levels. High glucagon and low insulin correspond to times of fasting or to times when b... | [
"The body doesn't use the fat that people on the Keto Diet are consuming.",
"On a Keto Diet the body uses your existing fat supply, not the fats you eat."
] | [
"People on the diet consume fewer calories because fat and protein satisfy hunger more easily than carbohydrates, but consumed fat is still burned first.",
"Your body will use dietary energy before it starts using body fat."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The body doesn't use the fat that people on the Keto Diet are consuming.",
"On a Keto Diet the body uses your existing fat supply, not the fats you eat."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"People on the diet consume fewer calories because fat and protein satisfy hunger more easily than carbohydrates, but consumed fat is still burned first.",
"Your body will use dietary energy before it starts using body fat."
] |
2018-00075 | how are the cvv code and expiration date of the credit card enough security measures in eshopping? Why don’t we have to insert the pin and the stuff that is written on the card suffices? | The whole premise of credit card operation is that you give the merchant all of the information they need to tell the credit card company to give them some money (which the credit card company later makes you pay). Any merchant--not just online--could keep a copy of that information and charge you later. The magnetic swipe just stores data, in the same sense that the numbers on the front and back are just data. This is secure enough because when fraud is detected the credit card company goes to wherever the number was used and takes the money back. This screws over merchants who inadvertently accepted a stolen credit card, but merchants can't just not take credit cards or else they'll lose out on a ton of business. It's also secure enough because if a card is compromised it's cheap to just issue a new one. The card itself is pretty darn cheap. With that said, "secure enough" is a sliding scale, and it has to be weighed against convenience. The Chip+Pin or Chip+Signature systems are more secure, but there's no good way to use these online. | [
"As a security measure, merchants who require the CVV2 for \"card not present\" payment card transactions are required by the card issuer not to store the CVV2 once the individual transaction is authorized. This way, if a database of transactions is compromised, the CVV2 is not included, and the stolen card numbers... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [
"Need to use PIN to increase security of credit card."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"normal"
] | [
"Credit card security is a sliding scale. It is deemed to be more convinient to not do that and the risk is low."
] |
2018-02108 | Why does having both eyes open merge the images created from both, but having one eye closed doesn't merge the other with darkness? | Your brain does a huge amount of tweaking when it comes to your eyes and what you see. The important part is that your brain processes the inputs from both of your eyes into one image rather than two. When your eyes are closed, the amount of light that falls on your retinas is substantially less than if your eyes were open, so if one eye is closed and one is open, the image formed by your brain is dominated by the image seen by the open eye. You can still tell that your closed eye isn't seeing anything, but you just don't notice it as the 'signal' from that eye is insignificant compared to that of the open eye. | [
"The perception of darkness differs from the mere absence of light due to the effects of after images on perception. In perceiving, the eye is active, and the part of the retina that is unstimulated produces a complementary afterimage.\n\nSection::::Scientific.:Physics.\n",
"In vision, binocular disparity is the ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01551 | What exactly does a director do in the filming process? | They work with the main actors on getting the performances they need. Every director has different techniques/styles. | [
"Directors also play an important role in post-production. While the film is still in production, the director sends \"dailies\" to the film editor and explains his or her overall vision for the film, allowing the editor to assemble an editor's cut. In post-production, the director works with the editor to edit the... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01520 | why are tongue twisters hard for us to say? | In short it's because certain similar sounds use overlapping parts of the brain to produce, so saying a sequence of those particular sounds confuses the brain. This happens because of the way the brain controls the muscles required for speech. It's a bit like touch typing or driving a manual transmission car. Both of those are heavily dependent on "muscle memory", so if you give a person who touch types on a QWERTY keyboard a different layout they'll be a bit confused, and if you give someone a manual transmission car with a different gear layout than they're used to it takes a bit of adjustment. That's a bad analogy, but it gets the basic idea across. URL_0 > The team also found that the brain seems to coordinate articulation not by what the resultant phonemes sound like, as has been hypothesized, but by how muscles need to move. Data revealed three categories of consonant: front-of-the-tongue sounds (such as 'sa'), back-of-the-tongue sounds ('ga') and lip sounds ('ma'). Vowels split into two groups: those that require rounded lips or not ('oo' versus 'aa'). > “This implies that tongue twisters are hard because the representations in the brain greatly overlap,” Chang says. 'Sss' and 'Shh' are both stored in the brain as front-of-the-tongue sounds, for example, so the brain probably confuses these more often than sounds that are made by different parts of the tongue. ‘Sally sells seashells’ is tricky. ‘Mally sells sea-smells’ is not. | [
"BULLET::::- In 1951 Danny Kaye recorded a Sylvia Fine song titled \"Tongue Twisters\".\n\nBULLET::::- The children's books by Dr. Seuss contain a significant number of tongue-twisters, with \"Oh Say Can You Say?\", and \"Fox in Socks\" being the most extreme cases.\n",
"Tongue-twisters may rely on rapid alternat... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-06828 | Why do animals that consume poisonous snakes not have difficulties digesting the poison? | Something digesting a poisonous snake would have trouble with the poison. But what you are probably thinking of is **venomous** snakes, and the relevant thing about venom is that it is injected into the blood stream to become effective. The venom breaks down during digestion and isn't harmful. | [
"Section::::Immunity.\n\nMany ophiophagous animals seem to be immune to the venom of the usual snakes they prey and feed upon. The phenomenon was studied in the mussurana by the Brazilian scientist Vital Brazil. They have antihemorrhagic and antineurotoxic antibodies in their blood. The Virginia opossum (\"Didelphi... | [
"Animals should experience difficulties digesting poisonous snakes after eating them."
] | [
"Venomous is the correct term rather than poisonous snakes, also poison becomes harmful when injected, not digested. When consumed, the venom broken apart during digestion and becomes less harmful during this process."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Animals should experience difficulties digesting poisonous snakes after eating them."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Venomous is the correct term rather than poisonous snakes, also poison becomes harmful when injected, not digested. When consumed, the venom broken apart during digestion and becomes less harmful during this process."
] |
2018-01622 | Why does clear plastic turn opaque and white when bent? | What happens is the plastic crystallizes at the point of the flex. That causes the plastic to scatter light rather than allow it through which gives a white appearance. Same optical reason that churned up water looks white when still water isn't, or a pile of salt looks white but a single crystal is transparent. | [
"Section::::Polymers.\n",
"In amorphous materials, the discussion of \"dislocations\" is inapplicable, since the entire material lacks long range order. These materials can still undergo plastic deformation. Since amorphous materials, like polymers, are not well-ordered, they contain a large amount of free volume... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-13296 | How do women zip up their dress by themselves? | I push the zipper as high as I can with my elbows down by my side, then put my elbows by my ears and pull the zipper up to the top | [
"To unfold, the seat-post is again pulled up to allow the rear triangle to swing back and up into the normal riding position. The seat-post is then slid down through the upper and lower parts of the seat-tube, locking the rear triangle and wheel into place.\n",
"Some alternative closures on these jumpsuits includ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01480 | how is eczema triggered? | Medical student here. Eczema is triggered by a combination of internal factors and external factors. Internal factors are stuff like your genes - some people have a low “resistance” to eczema, so they can be triggered easily. External factors are irritants (which is a huge group) including sunlight. So if you combine your internal resistance and the external irritants at any given moment, you’ll have the risk of developing eczema at that point. This is the most simplyfied version I could make in a few min, if you want more information on hand eczema and the type you possibly have, then feel free to ask :) | [
"Section::::Treatment.:External treatment.\n",
"Section::::Treatment.:Phototherapy.\n",
"There are a number of different causes of skin inflammation of the hands, the interplay of which is also significant: environmental factors such as excessive water; contact with allergens or irritants; and genetic dispositi... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-06789 | Why are clothes with reflector stripes really bright in the dark when in contact with weak light sources, while they just appear grey in daylight? | The reflector stripes contain many small [Retroreflectors]( URL_0 ), which reflect light back in the direction of the light source. At night it reflects the light from the car headlight back to the car it came from, and looks bright to the person driving the car. | [
"Protection from UV light can be accomplished by film that addresses only the UV spectrum. As UV is one of the main sources of fading, it can prolong the life of fixtures and fittings. Basic colorless clear films reject (absorbs) some UV radiation up to 380 nm, and depending on the manufacturer, UV inhibitors are a... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-06482 | Why does "Anarchy" have a universally standardized symbol? Doesn't that go against the idea of anarchy? | Anarchy doesn't require that people avoid using well-understood words or symbols. It just requires that things aren't forced on people by rules or governance. | [
"BULLET::::- The Anarchy is the inspiration for the fictional civil war called Dance of the Dragons between princess Rhaenyra Targaryen and her half-brother Aegon, depicted in George R. R. Martin's novella \"The Princess and the Queen\" (published 2013 in the anthology \"Dangerous Women\") and novel \"Fire and Bloo... | [
"Having a universally standardized symbol goes against the idea of anarchy.",
"Having a universal symbol goes against the idea of anarchy."
] | [
"Recognition of symbols has nothing to do with anarchy; anarchy exists when things aren't forced upon people by rules or governance.",
"Anarchy doesn't require that people use well understood symbols, it just requires that things aren't forced on people by rules."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Having a universally standardized symbol goes against the idea of anarchy.",
"Having a universal symbol goes against the idea of anarchy."
] | [
"false presupposition",
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Recognition of symbols has nothing to do with anarchy; anarchy exists when things aren't forced upon people by rules or governance.",
"Anarchy doesn't require that people use well understood symbols, it just requires that things aren't forced on people by rules."
] |
2018-04960 | why do mountains form in clumps/why are there 10 of 14 of the highest peak in one spot? (the Himalayas) | Mountains form through movements of the earth's tectonic plates, which you can imagine as floating pieces of rock earth, under which there's molten magma. Sometimes, magma under a plate builds up and solidifies and forms a dome. This can form a mountain that stands alone. Sometimes, multiple plates "push" against each other, or slide against each other. This forms mountain ranges. What happens to the surface when the plates push against each other? It sort of folds and crumples up near the fault line. The himalayas are fold mountains in this way. The huuuge Indian plate pushed up against the rest of asia, and crumpled up the area where they crashed. No wonder they all formed in one place, and so many of the highest peaks are from there. The final form of the mountain(s) also depends on erosion after a while, by wind and water. The himalayas are relatively young, this way. And still standing tall. | [
"In 2012, to relieve capacity pressure, and develop climbing tourism, Nepal lobbied the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (or UIAA) to reclassify five summits (two on Lhotse and three on Kanchenjunga), as standalone eight-thousanders, while Pakistan lobbied for a sixth summit (on Broad Peak) In 2... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04239 | Why are ads considered acceptable in mobile apps while they are the worst thing ever when put in PC apps? | It's a matter of history, and of the platform. Technically, there have been 'apps' on the PC since before the internet took off. And software was primarily bought and sold for a long time (there were of course, shareware and freeware and adware and abandonware). There definitely were ads in PC apps but it just never became a mainstay. When smartphones became a thing, two underlying expectations formed in people's minds: one, that it's almost always connected to the internet. Two, that most apps are going to be free, modeled after websites (google and facebook are free, aren't they?). Even if one developer made an app that costs a few bucks, there would be a clone of it in a few days which someone would whip up, which would be free. So this all led to it becoming a breeding ground for adware, and "freemium", and all sorts of things. But yeah, i'm no expert, but as the different platforms converge (they already are in other spheres! the whole mobile-friendly ui design thing happened), i'm pretty sure it will be more and more "acceptable" (by the companies, not by the customers :P) to put ads on PC. Does windows start menu not already have ads? Does it not already download things behind your back? Yep. Yep it does. Tl;dr just history, and it will all converge pretty soon | [
"BULLET::::4. Image text and banner ads: A click opens your browser and re-directs you to a page\n\nBULLET::::5. Push notification\n\nSection::::Mobile rich media.\n\nThere are limitations to rich media on mobile because all of the coding must be done in HTML5, since iOS does not support flash.\n\nSection::::Handse... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03131 | Cell phones connect with each other via wireless signals but how does a cell phone connect with a land line | Cell phones actually connect with cell towers via wireless signals. Cell towers are tied into the land line infrastructure. For two cell phones to communicate, the call has to be routed over the land line to the nearest tower and then transmitted back to the other phone. With land lines, there's no transition back to wireless; it just gets connected directly. | [
"A fixed phone line (a line that is not a mobile phone line) can be hard-wired or cordless and typically refers to the operation of wireless devices or systems in fixed locations such as homes. Fixed wireless devices usually derive their electrical power from the utility mains electricity, unlike mobile wireless or... | [
"Cell phones connect with each other via wireless signals."
] | [
"A cell phone connects wirelessly to a tower, the call is routed over a land line to another tower, then the calls is transmitted back to the other phone."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Cell phones connect with each other via wireless signals."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"A cell phone connects wirelessly to a tower, the call is routed over a land line to another tower, then the calls is transmitted back to the other phone."
] |
2018-03114 | Why do our eyes go red when we just get woken up? Very confused with the whole red-eyed tired thing | Because your eyes aren’t completely closed during sleep. Drying them out. Making them red. | [
"\"Red Eye\" also appeared in three of Taiwan's Next Media Animations. The first was \"Is Islamophobia sweeping the US?\" which showed Gutfeld's gay bar next to the Park51 complex. The second video was \"Bedbugs Take Over USA\". The final scene shows Gutfeld, Levy, and Schulz being attacked and eaten by giant bedbu... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03764 | why we should not eat food before exercising? | One reason is that digestion and exercise both need quit a lot of bloodflow. So if you exercise heavily on a full stomach, your body is going to have problems supplying enough blood. | [
"Carbohydrate loading is generally recommended for endurance events lasting longer than 120 minutes. Many endurance athletes prefer foods with low glycemic indices for carbo-loading due to their minimal effect on serum glucose levels. Low glycemic foods commonly include vegetables, whole wheat pasta, and grains. Ma... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-03082 | What happens to water when it is dumped on a fire on a molecular level? Is it the same as boiling it and bringing it up to temperature slowly but happens instantly? | When water touches the fire it evaporates. When it turns into vapour (it turns into steam, EDIT) it separates the oxygen from the fire's fuel due to rapidly expanding and rising upwards - it's an asphyxiant, it pushes the oxygen molecules away. A fire needs oxygen to burn, without it, it extinguishes. This assumes we are talking about a "basic" fire, like a burning piece of wood. Chemical fires or such with liquid fuels are different. EDIT: See below for a more in-depth explanation and a correction of a shameful mistake I made | [
"Use of water in fire fighting should also take into account the hazards of a steam explosion, which may occur when water is used on very hot fires in confined spaces, and of a hydrogen explosion, when substances which react with water, such as certain metals or hot carbon such as coal, charcoal, or coke graphite, ... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02473 | Why do our noses get runny after eating spicy foods? | Your body has a great defense system to ridding itself of toxins and other maladies. When you get sick-you sometimes are met with a runny nose as well. Your body is trying to evacuate whatever irritant or contaminant that is causing discomfort. It floods the nasal passages with mucus prompting you to expel it from your nose (hopefully. Don’t swallow it). It doesn’t just stop at runny noses, either. Diarrhea, the fever, and vomiting are other methods your body uses to evacuate irritants and contaminants. | [
"BULLET::::- Gustatory rhinitis - spicy and pungent food may in some people produce rhinorrhea, nasal stuffiness, lacrimation, sweating and flushing of face. It can be relieved by ipratropium bromide nasal spray (an anticholinergic), a few minutes before meal.\n\nBULLET::::- Non-air flow rhinitis - it is seen in pa... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01842 | the difference between saving a file as a.pdf and printing to a .pdf | When you "print as" a .pdf, you typically get more options regarding the final product (as in, if it will be color or greyscale, what the final quality will be like, etc.) that you don't get by just saving it as a .pdf. Alsoooo... I believe the feature of saving something as a .pdf is a relatively young one. Versions of Office older than 2010 required at least a plug-in to let you save it as a .pdf file. "Printing to .pdf" also required third party software typically, but I feel like that was more commonly available than the Office plug-in for some reason. | [
"Many products support creating and reading PDF files, such as Adobe Acrobat, PDFCreator and OpenOffice.org, and several programming libraries such as iText and FOP. Third party viewers such as xpdf and Nitro PDF are also available. Mac OS X has built-in PDF support, both for creation as part of the printing system... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-21995 | Why can you see through 100% humidity air but you can't see through fog? | Fog is large water droplets suspended in air, which disperse light. Humidity is water vapor, which has very little impact on light. | [
"The international definition of fog is a visibility of less than ; mist is a visibility of between and and haze from to . Fog and mist are generally assumed to be composed principally of water droplets, haze and smoke can be of smaller particle size; this has implications for sensors such as Thermal Imagers (TI/FL... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-16600 | Why do the colours of the rainbow loop? | It's related to how we perceive colors. Our eyes have 3 different detectors (called cones). Red, green and blue. So when one of these colors show up, its detector signals to our brain that we are seeing that color. When two detectors activate, you see something in between. So if you get red+green, you see yellow. If you get blue+green, you see cyan. If you get blue+red, what's in between them in the color spectrum is green. But then that's no use at all. How would you differentiate between something really green and something that's blue+red? So our brain detects blue+red as magenta. The more blue, that magenta slowly becomes violet and then blue. On the other direction, magenta will go pink and then red. So magenta is a trick that our brain plays on our vision, that makes colors seem to loop around, while there's no unique wavelength that will be perceived as magenta, so it's not a real color in the spectrum. | [
"The secondary rainbow is fainter than the primary because more light escapes from two reflections compared to one and because the rainbow itself is spread over a greater area of the sky. Each rainbow reflects white light inside its coloured bands, but that is \"down\" for the primary and \"up\" for the secondary. ... | [
"The colors of rainbows loop."
] | [
"Rainbow colors don't actual loop, but appears that way due to how humans perceive colors."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"The colors of rainbows loop."
] | [
"false presupposition"
] | [
"Rainbow colors don't actual loop, but appears that way due to how humans perceive colors."
] |
2018-00067 | how do flu strains vs flu shots battle it out? | The flu shot, like other vaccines, work by triggering your immune system, causing it to produce antibodies that target the pathogen. This process ordinarily takes time, which is why it takes a while for your body to fight off a infection or virus since this is essentially a tailored response. However once it's done so some of those antibodies essentially stick around for quite some time, and provide a "memory" after a fashion; if something trigger the main immune response, your immune system can respond much much quicker, dealing with the pathogen before it can get very far (ie immunity). The flu shot doesn't give perfect protection. Instead they try to aim for strains they expect will be more common. Sometimes this is spot on, some times less so. However, even in cases like this there where the prediction is off, yes it can lessen symptoms. A lot of times the antibodies are kind of right and provide an easier starting point for your immune system, allowing it to more effectively fight off the pathogen. It's less effective, not ineffective. | [
"Peramivir, an experimental anti-influenza drug, developed by BioCryst Pharmaceuticals has not yet been approved for sale in the United States. This drug can be given as an injection, so may be particularly useful in serious cases of influenza where the patient is unconscious and oral or inhaled drug administration... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-02807 | Why Does Hot Food Send Off A Stronger Aroma Than If It Was Cold? | Imagine a pot of water just sitting there on the counter, you don't see it, but a tiny amount of the water is evaporating in to the air. This happens while it's just sitting there at room temp. Now imagine putting the water on to boil. Once boiling you see a lot of water vapor (the steam) moving into the air. The water is evaporating faster because it's hot. With food, essentially the same thing happens. Some of the food is moving out into the air when it's cold and sitting there but it's such a tiny amount, you don't smell it (or not much). When it's hot, more goes out in to the air and you smell it stronger. This is VERY ELI5, but the concept is there. | [
"Food connoisseurs and chefs are increasingly capitalizing on the newly ascertained understanding of the role smell plays in flavor. Food scientists Nicholas Kurti and Hervé This expanded upon the physiology of flavor and its importance in the culinary arts. In 2006, This published his book, \"Molecular Gastronomy:... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-04312 | What makes "outlet mall" stores different than regular retail stores? | Historically, outlet stores sold factory seconds. This varied from company to company, but it would usually be a mix of returned merchandise, "irregular" items and last-season's/discontinued items. These were all things that the company didn't want associated with their brand, but still wanted to try to recoup some money on. That was a while back, though. Now, outlet mall stores sell merchandise _specifically_ created for those outlet mall stores. You may see a bit of the above categories there from time to time, but most of it is specially created (usually at lower quality) to sell in outlet malls. | [
"An outlet mall (or outlet center) is a type of shopping mall in which manufacturers sell their products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in outlet malls are operated by retailers selling returned goods and discontinued products, often at heavily reduced prices. Outlet stores were found... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal",
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01559 | why don’t homeless and poor people apply for government assistance? | If they don't have ID, or a birth certificate, or a permanent address, or a bank account, then it makes it hard to apply for government assistance. | [
"Section::::State implementations.\n\nThe McKinney-Vento Act is a conditional funding act which means that the federal government gives grants to states and, in return, the grantee states are bound by the terms of the act. If a state chooses not to accept federal funds for these purposes, it does not have to implem... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-01398 | How do actors get paid? Do they continue earning money even after movie release? Let's say, every time the movie is on TV or the like? | It depends on their contract. Most films & TV shows do pay residuals, where each actor gets a percentage for each airing & DVD Sales. Others only get paid for the one performance, and never see anything afterwards. | [
"In acting, extras are generally not eligible, but stunt performers, puppeteers, singers, and actors with lines or scripted physical interactions with characters (\"supporting actors\" or \"day players\") are eligible. Principal performers generally get larger residuals. In fact, the more prominent the actor, the m... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
2018-00672 | How do scientists measure the temperature of a distant celestial object without physically going there? | Stars are very close approximations to an ideal model in physics called a *black body*. A black body radiates electromagnetic waves in all wavelengths. The distribution of these waves, however, depends on the temperature of the body. A hotter object emits more light close to the blue, high energy end of the spectrum. By looking at the spectrum of light coming from a black body, and seeing what it's peak value is (i.e which wavelength it emits the most of), scientists can measure the surface temperature. This is how we know what the surface temperatures of stars are, and how we know the bluer ones are far hotter than the redder ones. | [
"For ideal black bodies, the brightness temperature is also the directly measurable temperature. For objects in nature, often called Gray Bodies, the actual temperature is only a fraction of the brightness temperature. The fraction of brightness temperature to actual temperature is defined as the emissivity. The re... | [] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] | [
"normal"
] | [] |
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